FOUNDATIONS

1. FOUNDATIONS Spencer Brown Jonathan Ng Demyan Kim Jarrett McPike

2. Neolithic Revolution -Early agricultural societies came about. Neolithic peoples encouraged the growth of edible crops and domesticated animals. This provided a regular and reliable food source compared to hunting and gathering. Eventually led to agricultural surplus, which allowed for specialization of trade and urbanization. The Neolithic Revolution occurred gradually and not all at once.  -Economic and social results-Agricultural economy formed. Merchants emerged and carried different types of food from one place to another. Brought wealth to some and not to others. This led to the creation of social classes, the haves and the have-nots. 

3. Development Of Agriculture and Technology

4. Asia -Steppes allowed for great pastoral lands and domestic animals -Mostly nomadic people in Central Asia -China developed farming around rivers, like the Yellow River -Yangshao Society was formed in the central part of the Yellow River -Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates rivers provided Fertile Crescent and allowed for extensive agriculture in that area

5. The Americas -Olmecs- cultivated beans, chili, avocados, squashes, and gourds -Some domesticated animals like turkeys and small dogs, but no larger animals like the horse -Mayas grew cacao beans and used them as money -Built terraces designed to trap silt and then used the rich soil for farming -Potatoes, llamas, and alpaca wool came from highlands -Maize, beans, and squashes came from central valleys -Sweet potatoes, fish, and cotton came from coasts

6. Africa -Egypt, the “Gift of the Nile”, relied on the Nile river for irrigation -Gourds, watermelons, wild grains, and cotton -Bantu spread established agricultural villages throughout Sub-Saharan Africa -Extensive floodplains -A lot of hunter –gatherers

7. Nature of Village Settlements -Societies that were positioned by rivers usually were more prosperous than others. Some examples of this are in the Indus valley, along the Nile, and between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. One of the reasons Mesopotamia was so advanced was because of their ability to farm and create an agricultural surplus. -Agricultural surplus allowed for the creation of specialized labor. This made more jobs and allowed those societies to expand.

8. Impact on the Environment -The need for arable land led to widespread deforestation in many areas -Many times societies would over use the soil and gradually deplete it’s nutrients -As urbanization occurred, more resources were used -Hunting sometimes forced animals into extinction -Some wild animals were domesticated

9. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

10. Mesopotamia Culture: -earliest writing called cuneiform -iron metallurgy -the wheel -built ships -large cities/temples Social: -patriarchal -had slaves -temple communities -warriors thought highly of -well-defined classes State: -urban kings -city-states -regional empires formed often

11. Egypt Culture: -pyramids -writing was hieroglyphics -mummies -trade networks -widespread education -cult of Osiris Social: -patriarchal -well-defined classes -no nobles -pharaoh like god on earth -peasants labored hard State: -pharaoh -had bureaucracy of administrators -centralized rule -large united kingdom

12. EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA

13. Harrapan Society Culture: -large public buildings, like temple, pools, and markets -consistent measurements -sewers -writing non-deciphered Social: -patriarchal -distinct rich/ poor -artisans -peasants State: -no evidence concerning political organization

14. Shang China Culture: -large tombs -bronze foundries -lavish capitals -veneration of ancestors -literature Social: -patriarchal –specialized labor -trade networks -peasants/ slaves -foot binding State: -kings -political alliances -revolved around cities -ruling elites

15. Mesoamerica Culture: -the governments were  authoritarian -calendars -had writing -developed 0 -great astronomers -giant heads Social: -distinct social classes -peasants -artisans -priests State: -kings -priests/ nobles big part of society -small kingdoms

16. Classical Civilizations

17. Political Developments

18. Political Developments in China • Qin dynasty unified China under a centralized imperial rule • Early Han Dynasty takes over with centralized government • Confucian Educational System introduced

19. Political Developments in India • Maurya brought temporary unification to India with empire • Regional kingdoms emerged before imperial rule emerged in the form of the Kushan Empire and, later, the Gupta Dynasty

20. Political Developments in the Mediterranean • Greece • Mycenaean and Minoan societies decline • Poleis rise • Athenians begin democracy • Imperial rule by Macedonians • Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid Empires established by Macedonians • Begin of Hellenistic Era

21. Political Developments in Mediterranean (cont) • Roman State • Roman Kingdom established • Roman Kingdom turns into a republic • Roman Republic turns into empire under Julius Caesar • Julius Caesar named himself dictator for life • Centralized and controlled the military and politics

22. Political Developments in Mesoamerica • Olmecs establish authoritarian government • Mayans set up a hierarchy • Teotihuacan set up a centralized government • Early Andean society was agricultural • Chavín cult led to creation of cities • Mochia state developed irrigation and an artistic legacy

23. Social and Gender Structures • Persia • Bureaucracy with bureaucrats, free classes, and slaves • Family and clan relationships were important • China • Patriarchy • Most people were cultivators • India • Patriarchy similar to China • Rigid caste system

24. Social and Gender Structures (cont.) • Greece • Patriarchy, but Spartan women were more free • Slaves • Rome • Pater familias (eldest male rules house) • Rich people, cultivators and urban masses, and poor classes • Slaves were one-third of the population • Maya • Hierarchy • Kings, priests, and nobles; merchants; professional architects and artisans; and majority of peasants and slaves

25. Social and Gender Structures (cont.) • Teotihuacan • Dominated by rulers and priests • Also had professional merchants and artisans

26. Major Trading Patterns Within and Among Classical Societies • Silk Roads • Connected Asia, Asia Minor, and Europe • Rome learned about Greek philosophy and religion through trade • Roman trade was mostly conducted via the Mediterranean Sea • In addition to the silk roads, Indian merchants took advantage of the monsoon system

27. Arts, Sciences, and Technology • Use of precious metals to make coins (coinage) in Persia • Standardized script in China • Iron metallurgy in China • Silk textiles in China • Paper in China • Development of advanced mathematics in India • Development of astronomy in India • Development of advanced medicin

28. Arts, Sciences, and Technology (cont) • Greece developed tragic dramas to tell stories • The Roman empire built roads to facilitate trade and faster transportation

29. THE LATECLASSICALPERIOD

30. The Fall of Empires -Han China- divisions in the government eventually increased and created factions. The ruling elites were constantly fighting for power. Another problem was equitable land distribution. A few wealthy individuals controlled most of the land in China and peasants could not provide for themselves. Han generals took power for themselves and abolished the Han empire. They then proceeded to divide China into three large regional kingdoms.   -Roman Empire- there were a great many internal and external problems. Like in Han China, the government had become unstable. Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two sections, the east and the west, for administrative purposes. Invasions of Germanic peoples combined with their internal difficulties, made the western part of the Roman Empire fall. The east part survived and went on to become the Byzantine Empire.  -Gupta Empire- a nomadic group called the White Huns invaded through the Hindu Kush mountain range. The Gupta’s tried to defend their borders, but they gradually weakened due to the enormous amount of resources they had to commit. The White Huns broke through and started establishing kingdoms in northern and western India. The Gupta empire existed only in name and was no longer a great empire.

31. Collapse of Empire in Western Europe • Roman Empire united Europe • Eventually collapsed due to foreign invasions from the Huns under Attila • Western Roman Empire collapsed and power shifted to the East in the Byzantine Empire • Christianity rose in the absence of the Western Roman Empire • The areas that were originally ruled by the Western Roman Empire began to form their own states

32. Map of the Roman Empire

33. Collapse of the Roman Empire

34. Collapse of Empire in China • Qin Shihuangdi united China and sought to expand the empire • Qin Dynasty gave way to Early Han Dynasty, then the Later Han Dynasty, then the Sui Dynasty • Sui Dynasty fell because of rebellions and assassins • The collapse of empire did not have much overall severity because other empires just took its place and did not change the government very much

35. Map of Qin Dynasty

36. Collapse of Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean • Cyrus began the imperial ventures of Persia • Descendents continued to expand the Achaemenid Empire • When the Achaemenid Empire dissolved, it was split into the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires

37. Map of Persian Empire

38. Movements of People -Bantu Migrations- Bantu were a people in west central Africa. They started migrating south due to population pressures. They brought iron metallurgy and their language with them. The Bantu also established agricultural villages where ever they went. -Huns- Attila the Hun united many Germanic peoples and formed a military juggernaut. They went on a rampage and dislodged many Germanic people that were living on the Roman Empire’s border. -Germanic People- Many Germans were forced to move into the Roman Empire and establish settlements. -Polynesians- Used their maritime technology to go from island to island with their domesticated animals and agricultural knowledge in the Pacific.

39. Bantu Migrations

40. Interregional Networks Trade- There was the Silk Road that went from the Mediterranean to China. There was the monsoon system that made travel across the Indian Ocean possible. It was very safe and predictable. Spread of Religions-The Silk Road also facilitated the spread of religions. Buddhism spread into central Asia and China, Hinduism spread into southeast Asia, and Christianity spread into southwest Asia and Anatolia.

41. Silk Road Silk Roads-ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman Empire in the west to China in the east. Indian exports – cotton, aromatics, black pepper, pearls, gems Egypt and Persia-exported grain that fed distant lands Indian imports-horses and bullion from the western lands and silk from China.

42. Judaism Christianity vs. Judaism Christianity Similarity • Holy Trinity • Bible made of Old and new Testaments • Ordained ministry presides over sacraments • Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant sects • Believe Jesus died and rose again • Holy book Torah • Nevi history of Hebrew prophet • Ketuvim - writings, poems, and prayers in poem form • Only kosher • People dwell in promised land • Shabbat- day of rest/prayer • Yom Kippur-day of atonement • Orthodox, conservative, reformed • Sacraments • Orthodox sect • Breaking Bread (communion] • Descendants of Abraham • Monotheistic • Holy Book • Live according Torah for Jews and Ten commandments for the Christians • Jerusalem is holy city • Refused to honor the Roman state cults or revere the emperor as a god

43. Christianity • Derived from Judaism • Centered around Jesus of Nazareth, who they thought was their savior • “Kingdom of God” was spiritual realm. (Heaven) • Romans crucified Jesus • Early Christians were Jews • Paul of Tarsus converted many to Christianity • Early Christian communities governed by bishops • Christians prosecuted in Roman Empire, but Christianity grew rapidly and appealed to lower classes

44. Spread of Christianity

45. Buddhism • Siddhartha Gautama(Buddha) became “enlightened” in India, about 534 B.C. • “Turning of the Wheel of the Law” was the speech Buddha gave for the first time • The Four Noble Truths – all life involves suffering- desire is cause of suffering- elimination of desire ends suffering- accordance with the Noble Eightfold Path brings elimination of desire • Dharma is basic doctrine shared by all Buddhists • Did not recognize social distinctions, so it appealed to many • Ashoka supported Buddhism throughout his reign

47. Judaism • Recognized only one God, Yahweh • Jews rebelled against Roman rule in the Jewish War • Refused to honor Roman state cults • Torah was Jewish religious book • The Essenes were a sect of Judaism that had a strict moral code • Did not believe that Jesus was the savior • Influenced the development of Islam and Christianity

48. Hinduism • Mahabharata and the Ramayana were epic poems that stated the development of some Hindu values • The brahmins (priests) edited them when they were writing them down to include the god Vishnu • Bhagavd Gita stated expectations of individuals and promise of salvation • Believed in distinct social classes • Faith will bring salvation • Reincarnation • A proper balance of dharma (obedience of religious/moral laws), artha (pursuit of economic success), and kama (enjoyment of sexual/social/physical pleasure) would help an individual attain moksha (salvation of soul) WORSHIP ME!

49. DAOISM • Founder of Daoism was a sage named Laozi • Pointless to waste time and energy on problems • Spent time and devoted energy to reflection and natural principals that governed the world and learned how to live in harmony with nature. • Don’t meddle in peoples affairs • Dao- The way “the way of nature” or “ way of cosmos” • Wuwei- Doing nothing. Staying away from competitive exertions and active involvement of affairs of the world. Don’t strive for Advanced educations and personal success. • Individuals to live simple and in harmony with nature

50. Confucianism • It is not a religion but a way of thought • Kong Fuzi first Chinese thinker who addressed the problem of Political and social order in straightforward and self conscious ways. • Confucius believed best way to promote good government was to fill positions with individuals with well educated and extraordinary conscientious people. Concentrated on the formation of Junzi “superior individuals.” Confucian Values • Ren- attitude of kindness and benevolence or sense of humanity. Considered courteous, respectful and diligent and loyal people desperately Needed in the government. • Li- sense of property(behave according to fashion), treat all humans with courtesy, show respect and deference to elders and superiors • Xiao(filial piety)- high significance of family, obligation of children