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The Deep Sea

The Deep Sea. Mesopelagic. Division of the Deep Sea. Mesopelagic Effective light penetration - 1,000 m. Bathypelagic 1,000 - 4,000 m. Abyssopelagic 4,000 - 6,000 m. Hadopelagic 6,000 m. or more. Sampling Considerations. The depth of the habitat creates a logistical problem

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The Deep Sea

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  1. The Deep Sea Mesopelagic Deep Sea

  2. Division of the Deep Sea • Mesopelagic • Effective light penetration - 1,000 m. • Bathypelagic • 1,000 - 4,000 m. • Abyssopelagic • 4,000 - 6,000 m. • Hadopelagic • 6,000 m. or more Deep Sea

  3. Sampling Considerations • The depth of the habitat creates a logistical problem • Animals arrive dead due to the drastic pressure change • These problems lead to the possibility of inaccurate conclusions on population size Deep Sea

  4. Submersibles and ROV’s • Submersibles and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) are the ideal method for sampling the deep sea Alvin submersible. Photo source: WHOI Visit the Alvin website Deep Sea

  5. Submersibles and ROV’s Jason II Photo source: WHOI Visit the Jason II website Deep Sea

  6. The Mesopelagic • A world of twilight which cannot support photosynthesis • Animals that live in the mesopelagic must deal with the Oxygen Minimum Layer Deep Sea

  7. Mesopelagic Fauna • Krill and copepods dominate • Arrow worms, squid, jellyfishes and other invertebrates are important predators • Most of the animals that live in the mesopelagic have light organs or photophores Deep Sea

  8. The Deep Scattering Layer • Many mesopelagic animals also migrate to the surface waters at night to eat Deep Sea

  9. Mesopelagic Fish Deep Sea

  10. Bioluminescence • Definition - _____________________________ • Bioluminescence occurs most notably in the mesopelagic • Light producing organs are called ___________ • What are photophores used for? Deep Sea

  11. The Deep Sea The world of complete darkness Deep Sea

  12. Environmental conditions • Light • Most of the deep sea is aphotic • Due to the dependence on the surface waters for nutrients, there is very little life below the mesopelagic Deep Sea

  13. Pressure • Until recently, physiology on these animals was very difficult since bringing them to the surface usually results in mortality Deep Sea

  14. Temperature • At 1000 m temperature is 4-6 C • With an increase in depth temperature changes very little • There is no other habitat on the planet which exhibits such a stable temperature Deep Sea

  15. Adaptations of Deep Sea Organisms • Food is a limiting factor! • How do deep sea organisms ensure food capture? Deep Sea

  16. Adaptations of Deep Sea Organisms Deep Sea

  17. Hinged Head Deep Sea

  18. You Have Beautiful Eyes

  19. Reproduction • In a sparsely populated world mates are difficult to find • Most deep sea fishes are _____________ and attract each other through bioluminescence Deep Sea

  20. Invertebrates • Invertebrates are purple (jellyfish) or red (copepods) • Many invertebrates are transparent Deep Sea

  21. Abyssal Gigantism • The phenomena where some species attain large sizes not seen any where else • Isopod – sea roach can reach 40 – 50 cm. (Bathynomeus giganteus) • Amphipod – 15 cm. (Alicella gigantca) Deep Sea

  22. Hydrothermal Vents • Animals are found concentrated around hot water geysers Deep Sea

  23. Chemosynthetic Bacteria • Using sulfides bacteria create organic compounds • Most animals have symbiotic relationships with the chemosynthetic bacteria Deep Sea

  24. These worms contain 10 billion grams of microbes per 1 gram of tissue! Vestimentiferan worm

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