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Assessing and Treating Sexual Offenders

Assessing and Treating Sexual Offenders. Anna C. Salter, Ph.D. Good Lives Model. Primary Goods. People seek primary goods. Primary Goods. Experiences, states of mind, activities Sought for their own sake Increase psychological well-being. Sexual Offending.

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Assessing and Treating Sexual Offenders

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  1. Assessing and Treating Sexual Offenders Anna C. Salter, Ph.D.

  2. Good Lives Model

  3. Primary Goods People seek primary goods

  4. Primary Goods Experiences, states of mind, activities Sought for their own sake Increase psychological well-being

  5. Sexual Offending Attempts to pursue primary human goods Socially unacceptable Personally frustrating

  6. What Are Primary Goods • Relatedness • Health • Autonomy • Creativity • Knowledge

  7. Applying the Good Lives Model What goods are associated with offending? Pursuit of emotional equilibrium Intimacy Personal control Grievance Sexual pleasure (goods of health & body) Play (to get a thrill)

  8. What Prevents Meeting These Appropriately? Socially isolated Lack skills for relationships Overly aggressive when mood low

  9. Identifying Overarching Primary Goods Mechanically Inclined “In this example, he might enroll in a night course on practical mechanics (knowledge), join a car club (relatedness), and eventually train as a car mechanic (mastery at work).” (Ward et al., 2006, p. 308)

  10. Tender Minded Theory People are good Bad acts are an attempt to meet same needs as everybody else

  11. Theoretical Position “It is true that we did not cite any study applying the ideas of Deci and Ryan [human needs and self-determination] to an offender population – to our knowledge there are no such studies yet.” (Ward & Stewart, 2003, p. 222)

  12. Theoretical Position “. . .there is little or no evidence for the assessment and treatment aspects of the theory other than the rationally based reasons outlined above. This weakness reveals that the theory lacks empirical adequacy.” (Ward et al., 2006, p. 311)

  13. Attack on Risks/Needs/Responsivity “Lack of unifying power and external consistency” “Lack of fertility with respect to treatment guidance” “Lack of explanatory depth” “Incoherency;” “lack of scope;” “incomplete rehabilitation theory (Ward et al., 2006)

  14. Focus of TreatmentReduction of Recidivism? “We believe that treating sexual offenders also involves taking into consideration human welfare issues, as well as recidivism issues.” (Ward et al., 2006, p.269)

  15. “Individuals who are assessed as low risk may exhibit a number of significant problems that adversely impact on their functioning, for example, low mood or relationship conflict. While such problems may not be criminogenic needs, individuals could still benefit from therapeutic attention.” (Ward et al., 2006, p. 269)

  16. Risk needs model “has resulted in the development of a suite of empirically derived and effective treatment for a range of crimes, including sexual offending.” (Ward & Hudson, 1997) • “The difficulty is that in the absence of a theoretical analysis we do not know why.” (Ward et al., 2006, p. 270)

  17. “. . .the claim that a criminogenic need such as impulsivity is instrumentally related to further offending suggests that individuals choose to act in an impulsive manner in order to achieve the further goal of offending.. .It is confusing to view what is essentially a loss of behavioural control as an intentional action; individuals do not choose to behave impulsively.” (Ward et al., 2006, p. 274)

  18. Reply from Bonta and Andrews “We welcome such a debate on the relevance of various models to explain criminal behaviour . However, that debate should be structured by respect for evidence.”

  19. “Theoreticism is the acceptance or rejection of knowledge in accordance with one’s personal view and not in accordance with evidence.” (Bonta & Andrews, 2003, p. 215)

  20. “Here we see theoreticism operating at its best. Ignore the evidence that reductions in criminogenic needs are associated with reduced criminal behaviour, turn a blind eye to the fact that there is not a shred of evidence that psychodynamic interventions reduce recidivism and simply assert that your approach makes the most sense.”

  21. “Ward and Stewart appear to be arguing for a return to the good old days when treatment providers relied on nondirective, relationship-oriented techniques to build feelings of well-being.” (Bonta & Andrews, 2003, p. 217)

  22. Pornography

  23. Changing Standards Entertainment Analyst Dennis McAlpine Auerbach, Pollak & Richardson “Most cable operators still don’t want to cross the threshold from ‘acceptable adult programming’ . . . penetration, anal sex, oral sex, group sex, and lesbian and gay sex, to ‘pornography.’” (In Paul, 2005 p. 56)

  24. Economics Hollywood annually 400 feature films 11,000 porn films

  25. Economics 4 billion a year from videos (More revenues than NFL, MLB or NBA)

  26. Economics Total Revenue Adult Films 5 to 10 billion

  27. Popularity Porn sites visited 3 times more often than Google, Yahoo, & MSN Search combined (InternetWeek, June 4, 2004)

  28. Porn on internet N = 15,246 Downloaded or intentionally viewed erotic films or photos Men 75% Women 41% (Lever, 2004)

  29. Porn on Internet 18 – 24 year old men 70% Visit porn site At least once a month (ComScore, an Internet traffic measuring service in Paul, 2005)

  30. Porn at Work • Accidentally visited at work 75% • More than 10 times 15% • Seen co-workers surfing 40% (SonicWALL Web Usage Survey, 2004)

  31. Porn at Work VA Department of Transportation 17 Fired for watching porn at work > than 2 hours daily (Bacque, 2004)

  32. Violent Content (Including torture & mutilation) Magazines 25% Videos 27% Usernets 42% (Barron & Kimmel, 2000)

  33. Bukkake Young Japanese women Ejaculated on by multiple men Crying

  34. Teens & the Internet Ages 15 – 17 Gone online 95% Internet access from home 83% Internet access from bedroom 31% (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001)

  35. Teens & Online Pornography Seen online accidentally Ages 15 – 17 Total = 70% • Very often or somewhat often 23% • Not too often 47% (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001)

  36. Teens & Porn • Friends who regularly view internet porn & download 45% (Columbia U, 2004, In Paul 2005)

  37. Teens & Porn Regularly download porn Age % 12 33 17 67 (Columbia U, 2004, In Paul 2005)

  38. Do the Parents Know? Ages 9 - 19 Kids Parents N = 1511 N = 906 Contact w/ porn 57% 16% Given out personal info 46% 5% Unwanted sexual comments 33% 5% (Livingstone & Bober, 2005)

  39. Allure of Porn Woman loves anything done to them No relationship issues No pregnancies No rejections No AIDS

  40. Allure of Porn “Nobody fails to get an erection, the woman doesn’t have trouble achieving orgasm, nobody fears their gut looks too big or they’re sweating too much or they can’t catch their breath.” (Paul, 2005, p. 41)

  41. Impact of Porn “I don’t see how any male who likes porn can think actual sex is better, at least if it involves all the crap that comes with having a real live female in your life.” (Paul, 2005, p. 39)

  42. Austin • “Walking down the street, he says, you see all these girls you want to have sex with. ‘And it makes you angry in a way. Not violently angry, but just pissed off. It pains us every time we see another woman we cant’ have sex with. You want to see all these women naked and you know you never will. It’s really frustrating.’” (Paul, 2005, p. 40)

  43. Austin “’Sure you might get to see one woman, but the point is you can’t get every one. There’s always another woman who will walk by and torment you. It makes life seem incredibly unfair: all temptation, with little reward. First you’re single and you can’t get the women you really want; then you’re married and you’re tied to one woman for the rest of your life.”’ (Paul, 2005, p. 40)

  44. Austin Age 29 Never had a serious girlfriend

  45. Compulsive Use 11 + hours a week 6 – 13%

  46. Trouble Stopping Problem Controlling Use to Log On 17% (Elle-MSNBC survey, 2004)

  47. The Rush “In pornographic perception, the addict experiences a type of vertigo, a fearful exhilaration, a moment when all the addict’s ties to the outside world do indeed seem to be cut or numbed. That sense of endless falling, that rush, is what the addict seeks again and again. . . He is helpless before it.” (Mura, p. 125 in Kimmel, 1990)

  48. Online Challenge N = 100 Online Users Go without porn 2 weeks Failed within 1 week 52 Failed within 3 days 24 Dropped out 6 (www.pointlesswasteoftime.com/pornoff.html.)

  49. Language of Addicts “From the first hours on, lots of these guys were suddenly talking about ‘withdrawal’ and talking about how tomorrow was going to be a ‘tough day’ with time alone and high-speed access. They were using the language recovering addicts use, which I admit both surprised me and creeped me out a little.”

  50. Impact on Relationships Spouses “Seriously” Involved • No longer interested in wives 50% • Wives lost interest 33% • Separated or divorced 20% (Schneider, 2000)

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