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Solutions

Solutions. Chem 12AP, 2011. Solutions – What to expect. Basics Terminology Rules Concentration calculations % by mass, % by volume ppm, ppb molarity Theory Solubility curves Molality Colligative properties Practical Preparing solutions Dilutions. Solutions – What are they.

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Solutions

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  1. Solutions Chem 12AP, 2011

  2. Solutions – What to expect Basics Terminology Rules Concentration calculations % by mass, % by volume ppm, ppb molarity Theory Solubility curves Molality Colligative properties Practical Preparing solutions Dilutions

  3. Solutions – What are they Definition – one compound (solute) dissolved in another (solvent) Classic example is solid/liquid dissolved in water, but any combination is possible Most of what we will study will be solutions with liquid (water) as a solvent General terms Solute: the compound being dissolved Solvent: the medium in which the solute is dissolved Miscible: solute will dissolve in solvent Immiscible: solute will not dissolve in solvent Miscibility

  4. Solutions – Combinations • Solid in liquid - Sol • Solid in gas – Solid aerosol • Solid in solid – Solid sol • Gas in liquid - Foam • Gas in solid – Solid foam • Gas in gas - Gas • Liquid in liquid - Emulsion • Liquid in solid - Gel • Liquid in gas - Aerosol Kool-aid Clouds C. Chip cookie Shaving Cream Styrofoam Air Chocolate milk Jell-o Hairspray

  5. Dissolution (solvation) Solvation (or dissolution) is the process where the crystal structure of a solute is broken up into individual ions (electrolytes) Electrolytes Electrically conductive Often ionic solutions (produced via the break down of ionic compounds) Strong electrolyte: completely ionizes in solution Weak electrolyte: most does not dissolve Note on solvation: For our purposes, the definition above is most appropriate however the breaking up of the crystal structure does not hold true for all types of solutions

  6. Solvation(con’t) Process When the forces of the solvent overcome the intermolecular forces of the solute, it will dissolve Ex. Water “attacks” juice crystals Homogeneous and heterogeneous Complete or incomplete solvation Factors affecting solvation Polarity (like dissolves like) Polar is miscible in polar (immiscible in non-polar) Conditions: altering T, V, or P can alter a solutes ability to dissolve (alters saturation)

  7. Saturation Unsaturated A solution that contains some or none of the solute in question and thus can dissolve more of the compound into solution Saturated solution contains the max amount of solute any further solute will stay as a solid precipitate Supersaturated more of the solute than usual is dissolved into the solution made possible by altering conditions (T, V, P) video

  8. Concentration Definition The ratio between the amount of solute and solution Methods Molarity (most common; mol/L) m/m % (ratio of the mass of solute to mass of solution) m/v % (ratio of the volume of solute to volume of solution) ppb, ppm (for much smaller proportions; ratio of solute to solution)

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