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October 8, 2007

October 8, 2007. 11-721: Grammars and Lexicons Lori Levin (Examples from Kroeger). Causative sentences (English, periphrastic and lexical). English causative – periphrastic John read the book. Mary made John read the book. English causative – lexical John died. Mary killed John.

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October 8, 2007

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  1. October 8, 2007 11-721: Grammars and Lexicons Lori Levin (Examples from Kroeger)

  2. Causative sentences (English, periphrastic and lexical) • English causative – periphrastic • John read the book. • Mary made John read the book. • English causative – lexical • John died. • Mary killed John. • The boat sank. • The enemy sank the boat.

  3. Causative sentences (Malayalam, lexical and morphological) The lexical causative indicates direct causation. The morphological causative indicates indirect causation.

  4. Outline • Morphological causatives • Intransitive verbs • Transitive verbs • Which argument is the object? • Ditranstive verbs • Semantic types of causation • Different causative constructions used for different meanings • Morphological and periphrastic causatives • One clause or two? • One subject or two?

  5. Morphological Causative construction,Intransitive verb (Malayalam)

  6. Causative verbs Play < agent > subj Play-caus < causer causee > subj obj Play-caus-pass < causer causee > obl subj They are both agents so we will call them causer and causee.

  7. Causative construction, transitive verb (Swahili)

  8. Swahili Causative Cook < agent patient > subj obj Cook-caus < causer causee patient > subj ???? ????

  9. Which one is the OBJ? In (7) b, the object agreement marker “m” agrees with “girl, the causee. The object agreement marker cannot agree with “door” as in (9).

  10. Which one is the OBJ? The causee becomes the subject of the passive.

  11. Swahili Causative Cook < agent patient > subj obj Cook-caus < causer causee patient > subj obj obj2

  12. Comparison between causative and “give”

  13. Swahili Causative give < agent recipient theme > subj obj obj2 Cook-caus < causer causee patient > subj obj obj2

  14. Turkish Causative

  15. Which one is the OBJ?

  16. Turkish Causative Open < agent theme > subj obj Open-caus < causer causee theme > subj obj2/obl obj

  17. Comparison to “give”

  18. Turkish Causative give < agent recipient theme > subj obj2/obl obj Open-caus < causer causee theme > subj obj2/obl obj

  19. Malayalam causative, transitive verb Causee is oblique: pinch < agent patient > subj obj pinch-caus < causer causee patient > subj obl obj

  20. Causative of ditransitive verb?

  21. Causative of ditransitive verb Give < agent recipient theme > subj obl obj Give-caus < causer causee recip theme > subj obl dat obj

  22. Semantic distinctions in causation Direct and indirect causation Coercion and permission Manipulation and direction

  23. Change in case marking indicates different type of causation. Dative causee is manipulated. Instrumental causee is given direction to eat.

  24. Case marking of causee The dative causee has control. For example, she laughed because a movie director told her to. The accusative causee doesn’t have control. For example, Taroo told a joke and Hanako couldn’t help laughing.

  25. S NP VP Mary V S made John hit her. One clause or two? • Mary made John hit her. • *Mary made John hit herself. S NP VP Mary V NP VP made John hit her. Which tree is compatible with this rule and the two sentences above: A reflexive pronoun must have an antecedent in the same S.

  26. Turkish reflexive pronouns: also must have an antecedent in the same S

  27. Morphological causative and reflexive pronoun

  28. One subject or two? • Does the causee act like a subject? • You might think so because the noun phrase with the same semantic role (agent) was the subject of the non-causative verb

  29. Malayalam: causee is not a subject In Malayalam, only a subject can be an antecedent for a reflexive pronoun. The antecedent does not have to be in the same clause.

  30. Chimwini: causee is a subject

  31. Japanese: depends on the type of causative

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