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Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures

Section 1: Understanding Rock. Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures. Homework: Reread textbook pages 26-32. Be sure to study for your oral POP Quiz!. What is Rock?. A solid mixture of crystals of one or more minerals.

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Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures

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  1. Section 1: Understanding Rock Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures Homework: Reread textbook pages 26-32. Be sure to study for your oral POP Quiz!

  2. What is Rock? • A solid mixture of crystals of one or more minerals. • *Some rocks are made of organic materials too! An example of this is coal.

  3. What is the value of a rock anyway? • It’s useful • Spear points, Knives, Scrapers • Build buildings, monuments, roads • Help us understand history

  4. Let’s Recap! Sediment: occurs due to erosion, weathering, transportation and deposition Sedimentary Rock: is formed when sand and other sediment are eroded, wash down rivers and form layers on the ocean floor. Over time layers are cemented together forming rock. Metamorphic Rock: is formed when lower levels of sedimentary rock are pushed even further downward toward Earth’s center. Once there, the rock “cooks” and experiences great pressure. Magma: is the melted metamorphic rock which may reach Earth’s surface during a volcanic eruption. Igneous Rock: is when magma reaches Earth’s surface and begins to cool and solidify.

  5. Conservation of Matter: It’s the Law! • Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but may have a CHANGE OF PHASE or CHANGE OF STATE. (In other words it may change from a solid to a liquid to a gas and so on.) Check out the next slide for an example!

  6. Rock Classification & Texture • Composition: the minerals a rock is made of • Example: If a given sample is 95% Calcite, then it will have an over all different composition than a mineral with only 50% Calcite. • Texture: determined by size, shape and position of grains which make it up. • Example:

  7. Conclusion • Complete the SR on page 32

  8. Section 2: Igneous Rock Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures • Warm-up: Answer SR questions on page 32. Homework: Read text pages 33-36. Be sure to study for your oral POP Quiz! TEST on chapter 2 will be on Monday, Sept. 30th

  9. Today is Monday, Sept. 23rd OBJ 1: Describe how each type of rock changes into another as it moves through the rock cycle. OBJ 2: List characteristics used to help classify rocks. OBJ 3: Explain how the cooling rate of magma affects the properties of igneous rock. OBJ 4: Distinguish between fast-cooling and slow-cooling magma. AGENDA: *Origins *Composition and Texture *Formations

  10. Origins • When magma and lava solidify they cool down or “freeze” • Magma and lava freeze between 700°C and 1,250°C • Three ways magma can form: • When rock is heated • When pressure is released • When rock changes composition

  11. Composition • Felsic: lightweight rocks, which are often lighter in color and are also less dense; usually rich in silicon, aluminum, sodium and potassium. • Mafic: darker and denser rocks; usually rich in iron, magnesium and calcium.

  12. Formations • Intrusive: usually coarse-grained in texture; is well insulated and so cools very slowly. • Other characteristics: • Intrudes or pushes into surrounding rock • Plutons • Intrusive rocks are often called intrusive rocks • Extrusive: igneous rock which forms on Earth’s surface. • Characteristics: • Cools quickly • Contains very small crystals or none at all • Lava flow along fissures (long cracks in Earth’s surface). Fissures can form vast areas called lava plateaus

  13. Intrusive Igneous Rock

  14. Extrusive Igneous Rock

  15. Conclusion • Begin your homework!

  16. Section 3: Sedimentary Rock OBJ 5: Describe how the two types of sedimentary rock form. OBJ 6: Explain how sedimentary rocks record Earth’s history. Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures • Warm-up: Answer SR questions on page 36. Homework: Read text pages 37-40. Be sure to study for your oral POP Quiz! *IF you have an OLD box of crayons that you don’t want, bring them in for our lab. TEST on chapter 2 will be on Monday, Sept. 30th

  17. Sedimentary Rock Preexisting Rock • Weathering causes rock to break into fragments • Fragments become compressed to form layers • Most noticeable features are its layers or strata Weathering Sediment Erosion Deposition Compaction & Cementation Sedimentary Rock

  18. Composition • Three main categories of sedimentary rock: • Clastic • Chemical • Organic

  19. Clastic Sedimentary Rock • Clasitc- when rock or mineral fragments, called clasts, stick together (this type of sedimentary rock is further classified by the sizes of fragments in which it is made)

  20. Chemical Sedimentary Rock • Chemical- when minerals crystallize out of a solution, such as sea water

  21. Organic Sedimentary Rock • Organic- forms from the remains of organisms

  22. Structure • Sedimentary rock features can tell you how the rock was formed • MOST characteristic feature is stratification or layering • Each strata or layer differ depending on: • Kind, size and color • Rate of deposition which affect thickness • Can record motion of wind or water movement

  23. Conclusion • Begin your homework!

  24. Section 4: Metamorphic Rock OBJ 7: Describe two ways a rock can undergo metamorphism. OBJ 8: Explain how the mineral composition of rocks changes as theyundergo metamorphism. OBJ 9: Describe the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rock. Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures • Warm-up: Answer SR questions on page 40. Homework: Read text pages 41-45. Be sure to study for your oral POP Quiz! *IF you have an OLD box of crayons that you don’t want, bring them in for our lab. TEST on chapter 2 will be on Monday, Sept. 30th

  25. 1. Clastic sedimentary rock: sediments become compacted.2. Three structures: 1) strata or layers 2) ripple patterns (formed by flowing water, wind) 3) fossils (form from remains of organisms).3. Textures is more important in classifying clastics.r. because clastic rock is made of different sizes of sediments (fine grain vs. coarse grain). Section Review on page 40

  26. What does the word metamorphic mean anyway? meta + morphos = metamorphos change in structure, texture or composition “changed” “shape”

  27. Origins of Metamorphic Rock • When temperature or pressure change • Change takes place at: • Pressure depths greater than 2 km • Contact Metamorphism: where surrounding rock is “cooked” by pockets of magma • Temperatures between 50ºC and 1,000 ºC • Regional Metamorphism: when pressure builds under other rock formations or where pieces of Earth’s crust collide with one another

  28. Composition • Increased pressure and temperature cause certain minerals to be unstable and must change to become more stable

  29. Texture • Foliated: where minerals are aligned, like pages in a book As temperature/pressure increase so does the degree of metamorphism (or arrangement of minerals) • Nonfoliated: does not appear any regular pattern • Commonly made up of one or only a few minerals

  30. Conclusion: Section Review • What environmental factors cause rock to undergo metamorphism? • What is the difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rock? • If you had 2 metamorphic rocks, one with garnet crystals and the other with chlorite crystals, which one would have formed at a deeper level in the Earth’s crust? Explain.

  31. Warm-up: grab a text book and open to page 46. Homework: Study for Monday’s TEST. Be sure to study for your oral POP Quiz! TEST on chapter 2 will be on Monday, Sept. 30th LAB today!! Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures

  32. Homework: Study for Monday’s TEST. Be sure to study for your oral POP Quiz! TEST on chapter 2 will be on Monday, Sept. 30th Agenda: Finish LAB today!! Chapter Review * SF 5 testable questions are due on Oct. 2 Chapter 2: Rocks- Mineral Mixtures

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