Lesson one

1. Lesson one TSWBAT: CO 1. Describe the general roles of the endocrine system. CO 2. Identify the glands of the endocrine system. LO 1. Using and organizer list the glands of the endocrine system and their function

2. Critical Vocabulary

3. Warm-up Health Stats

4. The Endocrine System • The endocrine system regulates changes in the body, such as growth and development. The endocrine system also controls many of your body’s daily activities. An endocrine gland is a organ that produces and releases chemicals substances that signal changes in other parts of the body. Unlike some of the body’s glands, endocrine glands do not release chemicals into ducts or tubes. Instead, the chemicals made by endocrine glands go right into your bloodstream. • The chemical substance made by an endocrine gland is called a hormone. You can think of a hormone as a chemical messenger. Each hormone affects certain cells in the body, known as its target cells. Hormones are carried in the blood to target cells. Once they reach them, hormones turn on, turn off, speed up, or slow down the activities of these cells.

5. Pituitary Gland • The endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and reproductive glands. Two of these glands- they hypothalamus and the pituitary- are found in the brain. The hypothalamus is part of the endocrine system and the nervous system. One of its functions is to single the release of hormones from the pituitary. The pituitary gland is a pea-size endocrine gland that controls growth, reproduction, and metabolism, or the process by which you get energy from food. Some hormones made by the pituitary gland are like “on” switches for the body’s other endocrine glands. They single other glands to start releasing their hormones.

6. Reproductive Glands • The reproductive glands become active during puberty. Puberty is the period of time when a person becomes sexually mature and physically able to reproduce. Puberty starts when the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to begin making hormones that cause the reproductive glands to start making sex hormones. In males, the testes produce the hormone testosterone, in females, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.

7. What is the Endocrine System • What are hormones? ______________________________________ • Functions of Endocrine Glands • 2. Complete the table about the functions of endocrine glands.

8. Review • What roles does the endocrine system play in the body? • What is a hormone? Explain how hormones reach the cells where they have their effect. • List the glands of the endocrine system. • What is the hypothalamus? How does it interact with the pituitary gland?

9. Lesson Quiz 1 • D • D • B • C • B • True • True • False • True • False

10. Lesson Two TSWBAT: CO 1. Describe three functions of the male reproductive system. CO 2. Identify five ways t keep the male reproductive system healthy. LO 2. Draw and complete a table with details about the structure and function of the male reproductive system.

11. Critical Vocabulary Sperm Fertilization Testes Testosterone Scrotum Penis Ejaculation Infertility

12. Warm-up Myth Fact Writing: Why do you think that teens may have a number of misconceptions about the reproductive system?

13. The Male Reproductive System • In males, the reproductive cells are called sperm. The functions of the male reproductive system are to produce sex hormones, to produce and store sperm, and to deliver sperm to the female reproductive system. There, in a process called fertilization, a sperm cell may join with an egg. • Testes are the two male reproductive glands. Tests produce sperm cells and testosterone. Testosterone is the hormone in males that affect the production of sperm. It also helps bring about physical changes in puberty such as growth of sac of skin called the scrotum. The penis is the external sexual organ through which sperm travel when they leave the body. As they pass through the male reproductive system, sperm cells are mixed with fluids. The mixture of sperm cells and these fluids is called semen. Ejection of the semen from the penis is called ejaculation.

14. Care • Caring for the male reproductive system involves cleanliness, sexual abstinence,protection from the trauma, self-exams, and regular medical checkups. To ensure cleanliness, the penis and the scrotum should be clean every day in a shower or bath, and the groin area thoroughly dried. To avoid the risk of sexually transmitted infections in the teen years, sexual abstinence is the best practice. To protect the testes from trauma, males should wear a protector or cup during athletic activities and should be careful about lifting heavy objects to prevent getting hernia. • Males should follow up with a doctor is they notice pain when urinating, unusual discharges, sores on the genitals, or signs of testicular cancer. They should also get regular medical exams throughout life and screenings for prostate cancer later in life. Prostate gland problems as well as prostate cancer are common after age 50. Finally, infertility is the inability to reproduce. In males, infertility is marked by the inability to reproduce heavy sperm or the productions of too few sperm.

15. Complete the table with details about the structures of the male • reproductive system. Structures and Function

16. Keeping Healthy 2. Complete the concept amp with details about keeping the male reproductive system healthy. Cleanliness a. clean external organs daily and dry thoroughly Medical Check- Up e. ___________ _____________ _____________ sexual abstinence b. _________ ___________ ___________ Keeping healthy Self-exam d. ____________ ______________ ______________ Protection from trauma c. _________ ___________ ___________

17. Review • What are three main functions of the male reproductive system? • What is the name of the sac in which the testes are located? • What is semen, and how is it formed? • List five things that males should do to maintain reproductive health. • What are two kinds of problems with sperm that lead to infertility in males?

18. Lesson Quiz 2 • C • A • F • E • B • False • False • False • True • False

19. Lesson Three TSWBAT: CO 1. Describe three functions of the female reproductive system. CO 2. Summarize the stages of the menstrual cycle. CO 3. Identify five ways to keep the female reproductive system healthy. LO 3. Complete an outline with details about the structure and functions of the female reproductive system.

20. Critical Vocabulary Ova Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone Ovulation Fallopian Tube Uterus Vagina Menstrual Cycle Menopause Pap smear mammogram

21. Warm-up Dear Advice Line, I’ve been going to the same male doctor since I was a little kid. My doctor is really nice, but since my body started developing, I just don’t feel comfortable having my checkups with him anymore. I’d like to see a female doctor. Is it OK to feel this way? What should I do? Writing: Do you think this girl’s feelings are normal? Write back with your advice.

22. The Female Reproductive • Female reproductive cells are called eggs, or ova. The functions of the female reproductive system are to produce sex hormones, to produce eggs, and to provide a nourishing environment in which a fertilized egg can develop into a baby. The reproductive glands in which eggs are produced are called ovaries. The ovaries also produce tow female sex hormones. Estrogen activates certain physical changes to puberty and controls the maturation of eggs. Progesterone activates changes to a women’s reproductive system during pregnancy. • Once puberty begins, one of the ovaries releases a ripened egg about once a month in a process called ovulation. Fallopian tubes are the passageways that carry eggs away from the ovaries to the uterus. The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ in which a fertilized egg can develop and grow. The vagina is a passageway from the uterus to the outside of the body. Sperm enter a women’s body through the vagina, and at childbirth, the baby moves out of the mother’s body through the vagina.

23. The Menstrual Cycle • After reaching puberty, women usually produce one mature egg cell each month during a process called the menstrual cycle. During the menstrual cycle, an ovary releases a mature egg. The egg travels to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining is shed and a new cycle begins. Except during pregnancy, menstrual cycles occur each month from puberty to about the age of 45 to 55. At that time of life, called menopause, the ovaries no longer release mature eggs. • During the first half of the cycle, an egg matures in one ovary and the lining of the uterus thickens. At about day 14, ovulation takes place. The ovary releases an egg and it moves into the fallopian tube. A woman is most able to become pregnant around the time of ovulation. If the egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining breaks down and passes out of the body in a process called menstruation, or the menstrual period. A period last about 3-5 days.

24. Care Caring for the female reproductive system involves cleanliness, sexual abstinence, prompt treatment for infectious, self-exams, and regular medical check-ups. To ensure cleanliness, the external vagina area should be washed daily, especially during menstruation. To avoid the risk of sexually transmitted infectious I the teen years, sexual abstinence is the best practice. A female should see a doctor about vaginal infectious, unusual pain or bleeding, or if her period stops completely. Females should also have a yearly exam of the reproductive system once they reach puberty. In a Pap smear, a sample of cells is take from the cervix and examined under a microscope. Pap smears can detect cancer of the cervix. Starting at about age 40, women may get a mammogram, an X-ray of the breasts that can help detect breast cancer.

25. Structures and Function • Complete the outline with details about the female reproductive • system. • Structure and Function • A. Ovaries • 1. Produce the sex hormone estrogen and progesterone • 2. __________________________________________ • B. Fallopian Tube • 1. __________________________________________ • 2. __________________________________________ • C. Uterus • 1. __________________________________________ • 2. __________________________________________ • Vagina • 1. __________________________________________ • 2. __________________________________________

26. The Menstrual Cycle • 2. List four factors that may effect a woman’s menstrual cycle. • ___________ c. ____________ • ___________ d. ____________ • 3. Define the term menopause __________________________ • ___________________________________________________ • 4. Complete the graphic about the stages of the menstrual cycle. a.uterine lining shed during menstruation e. _________ ___________ ___________ b. __________ ____________ ____________ c. __________ ____________ ____________ d. __________ ____________ ____________

27. Keeping healthy 5. Complete the concept map with details about keeping the female reproductive system healthy. Cleanliness a. Clean external vagina area daily Sexual abstinence b. ________ __________ Medical checkups e. ____________ ______________ Keeping Healthy prompt treatment for infections c. ____________ _____________ Self-exam d. ___________ _____________

28. Review • What are three main functions of the female reproductive system? • What is ovulation? • Where are the fallopian tubes located? What is their function? • What event marks the end of one menstrual cycle and the beginning of another?

29. Lesson Quiz 3 • C • E • F • A • D • D • D • B • D • B

30. Lesson Four TSWBAT: CO 1. Explain how genetic information passes from one generation to the next. CO 2. Identify the causes of genetic disorders. CO 3. Compare the role of genes,environment, and behavior in affecting a person’s risk for disease. LO 4. Graph the basic rules for heredity.

31. Critical Vocabulary Heredity Chromosome Gene Genetic Disorder

32. Warm-up Writing: A widow’s peak and free earlobes are examples of dominant traits. What do you think a “dominant trait” is?

33. Heredity Traits, such as eye color and the shape of ears, are caused in part by the genetic information people inherit from their parents. Heredity is the passing on, or transmission, of biological traits from parent to child. Information about inherited characteristics is carried on chromosomes-tiny structures found within cells. Most cells in your body contain 46 chromosomes. However, sex cells, meaning sperm eggs, contain 23 chromosomes. When fertilization takes place, 23 chromosomes from an egg are joined with 23 chromosomes from a sperm for a total of 23 pairs, or 46 chromosomes. Every chromosomes is made up of genes. A gene is a section of a chromosome that determines or affects a particular characteristics or trait. When fertilization takes place, the fertilized egg receives two copies of each gene for each trait, one from the egg and one from the sperm.

34. Hereditary Hereditary information passes from one generation to the next through genes contained on the two sets of chromosomes that a person receives from their parents. Some traits are either dominant or recessive and determined by two forms of a single gene. Most traits, however, are affected by many different genes and other factors. A disease or an abnormal condition that is inherited is known as a genetic disorder. Genetic disorders are caused by the inheritance of an abnormal gene or chromosome. Cystic fibrosis and hemophilia are examples of genetic disorders that are recessive traits. In contrast, Huntington's disease is a dominant trait. Still other genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, appear when a person inherits too few or too many chromosomes.

35. Most diseases For most diseases, your environment and your behavior affect your risk as much as or even more than your genes. Environmental risk factors include air pollution, certain chemicals, and sun exposure. Using sunscreen, getting regular physical activity, and eating more fruits and vegetables may lesson your risk of disease. In the future, new technologies to identify and treat genetic disorders and disease with a genetic link may be possible. Genetic testing involves examining a person’s blood for signs of specific genes. Gene therapy would potentially give a person copies of healthy genes to replace unhealthy ones.

36. Basic Rules of Heredity 1. Complete the graphic organizer about heredity. a. Father provides 23 chromosomes c. Fertilized egg receives ___________________ b. Mother provides ______________ 2. What is a gene? ___ a. a cell made up of several chromosomes that determine or affect a trait ___ b. a section of a chromosome that determines or affects a trait 3. How do dominant and recessive traits differ? ___ a. A recessive trait appears in an offspring if only one dominant form of the gene is present. ___ b. A recessive trait appears in an offspring only when the dominant form of the gene is not present.

37. Heredity and Disease 4. Complete the table with details about the effect of each genetic disorder on the body.

38. Risk Factors 5. Complete the table by listing risk factors for skin cancer.

39. Advise line: Ask Inga Dear Inge: Because my husband’s grandmother and great aunt had cystic fibrosis, we were concerned that our baby might too. Happily, our new baby daughter is just the most perfect thing you have ever seen. Now if only I could get my sister to stop nagging me about taking the baby to a doctor. She’s obviously healthy. Any suggestions for an overbearing Relative? ----Perfectly Pleased Dear Perfectly Pleased_________ Dear Inge: My mother and father both have brown eyes, and so does my brother. my eyes are blue. The only conclusion I can draw is that I’m adopted. How can I go about tracing my real parents? Adopted in Kansas Dear Adopted____________ Dear Inge: My husband, Tom and I are now expecting our third child. Tom says if this child is not a boy, its my fault. What do I tell him? Mother of two and a half. Dear Mother____________

40. Review • How is genetic information passed from one generation to the next? • What are genes? How are they related to chromosomes? • What

41. Lesson Quiz 4 • False • False • True • True • False • A • A • A • B • D

42. 19. The functions of the male reproductive system are to produce sex hormones, to produce and store sperm, and to deliver sperm to the female reproductive system. 20. On days 1-4, the uterine is shed during menstruation. On days 5-13, an egg matures in an ovary, and the uterine lining starts to thicken. On days 14-15, the ovary releases the mature egg during ovulation. On days 16-22, the egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, and the uterine lining continues to thicken. On days 23-28, the egg enters the uterus. Chapter 18 Test 11. True 12. False 13. True 14. True 15. False 16. Hypothalamus 17. Abstinence 18. Mammogram • C • A • D • B • B • C • A • F • B • D