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Secondary level (child parent family). Primary level strategiesMediate parent-school official differencesResolve parent concerns about attendanceClinical techniques and referrals to address marital or family dysfunction/stressorsUse of peer mentors to contact/monitor casesIncreased supervision
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1. Primary level of absenteeism (child) Clinical techniques to reduce symptoms
Gradual integration into regular classes
Consequences for attendance/absences
Therapist-school official collaboration
Restructure role of homeroom teacher
Educate school personnel about warning signs of school refusal behavior
Enhance parent-school official cooperation
2. Secondary level (child+parent+family) Primary level strategies
Mediate parent-school official differences
Resolve parent concerns about attendance
Clinical techniques and referrals to address marital or family dysfunction/stressors
Use of peer mentors to contact/monitor cases
Increased supervision of child at flight risk
Conflict resolution
Classroom-based consequences for misbehavior
3. Tertiary level (child+parent+family+peer) Primary and secondary level strategies
Intense therapist-school official collaboration to pursue alternative educational programs, monitor daily attendance, and prevent premature exits
Coalesce health, mental health, family, financial, legal, and early education services in one school-based setting
Development of IEPs or 504 plans to modify class schedules, make-up work, and expectations regarding grades and academic credit
Maintain a student’s peer group across classes
4. Quaternary level (child+parent+family+peer+school) Primary and secondary and tertiary level strategies
Examine whether a child’s educational and safety needs are being met
Possible switching of teachers, class schedules, or schools
Consider whether a child’s complaints about a school’s inadequacy, inflexibility, dangerousness, and poor responsiveness are legitimate; address legitimate school-based threats and student grievances
Modify and customize curricula and instruction and provide mentors to high-risk youth
5. Quaternary level (child+parent+family+peer+school Design school-based incentive programs to recognize and reward attendance
Resolve student-teacher conflicts
Coordinate parent and child support groups
Institute self-contained educational units for youths with chronic absenteeism
Develop summer bridge and transitional programs for youths moving to new facilities
Systemwide reduction of violence
Increase diversity of school faculty and increase communication with ethnically diverse families
6. Quinary level (child+parent+family+peer+school+community) Primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary strategies
Wide-ranging programs such as multisystemic therapy
Link school-based teams to outside resources that address diverse youth
Police sweeps/special school-based administrative units
Place truancy courts within a school campus
Legal consequences that require attendance within an academic setting, e.g., detention, school-based community service, in-school suspension, and other methods that allow easier transition back to school