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Evaluation of Neodymium-Iron-Boride Magnets as Selective Shark Repellents on Demersal Longlines. Michael M. Herrmann, July 17, 2006. Introduction. What we know to date: Materials Geometries Tonic Immobility responses Effects on Fish Rigging Preliminary results on demersal lines.
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Evaluation of Neodymium-Iron-Boride Magnets as Selective Shark Repellents on Demersal Longlines Michael M. Herrmann, July 17, 2006
Introduction • What we know to date: • Materials • Geometries • Tonic Immobility responses • Effects on Fish • Rigging • Preliminary results on demersal lines
Materials • NIB • Neodymium-iron-boride sinter with Ni or Zn plate • Nd2Fe4B (Empirical) • Highest flux per size (BHmax is > 50 MGOe) “N50” • Poor corrosion resistance • Ceramics • Barium-ferrite material • BaFe12O19 (Empirical) • Cheap and heavy, largest flux area • SmCo • Samarium-cobalt sinter • SmCo5, Sm2Co17(Empirical) • Corrosion-resistance and expensive (BHmax ~43 MGOe)
Materials • NIB • Neodymium-iron-boride sinter with Ni or Zn plate • Nd2Fe4B (Empirical) • Highest flux per size (BHmax is > 50 MGOe) “N50” • Poor corrosion resistance • Ceramics • Barium-ferrite material • BaFe12O19 (Empirical) • Cheap and heavy, largest flux area • SmCo • Samarium-cobalt sinter • SmCo5, Sm2Co17(Empirical) • Corrosion-resistance and expensive (BHmax ~43 MGOe)
Materials • NIB • Neodymium-iron-boride sinter with Ni or Zn plate • Nd2Fe4B (Empirical) • Highest flux per size (BHmax is > 50 MGOe) “N50” • Poor corrosion resistance • Ceramics • Barium-ferrite material • BaFe12O19 (Empirical) • Cheap and heavy, largest flux area • SmCo • Samarium-cobalt sinter • SmCo5, Sm2Co17 (Empirical) • Corrosion-resistance and expensive (BHmax ~43 MGOe)
Tonic Immobility Assay Fields greater than 50G will terminate TI at a distance of 0.0 – 0.3m
Responses to Magnets - Sharks Free-swimming sharks will turn off of a buried magnet
Responses to Magnets - Sharks • Diminishing response with continuing exposure • Magnetosense appears to be “switchable” • High olfactory stimulation overrides magnetosense Magnet at d=0.0m to shark, no response
Responses to Magnets - Sharks • Diminishing response with continuing exposure • Magnetosense appears to be “switchable” • High olfactory stimulation overrides magnetosense Diminishing response
Responses to Magnets - Sharks • Diminishing response with continuing exposure • Magnetosense appears to be “switchable” • High olfactory stimulation overrides magnetosense Essentially no response
Responses to Magnets - Sharks Spotted wobbegongs (O. maculatus) do not appear to respond to NIB and BaFerrite magnets
Responses to Magnets - Teleosts Feeding behavior is not affected by the presence of NIB magnets • IATTC Achotines, Panama, July 2005 • Feeding preference trials in Thunnus albacares (magnetoreceptive) • University of Miami, RSMAS, August 2005 • Feeding preference trials in Rachycentron canadum
Responses to Magnets - Teleosts Feeding behavior is not affected by the presence of NIB magnets • IATTC Achotines, Panama, July 2005 • Feeding preference trials in Thunnus albacares (magnetoreceptive) • University of Miami, RSMAS, August 2005 • Feeding preference trials in Rachycentron canadum
Selecting a Geometry • Optimum geometry is pyramidal stacking
Selecting a Geometry • Optimum geometry is pyramidal stacking • Highest measurable flux at tips
Selecting a Geometry • Optimum geometry is pyramidal stacking • Highest measurable flux at tips 9,000G - 9,300G
Practical Rigging • 1”x1” cylinder with 3/16” center bore is preferred • Shape the magnetic flux to encompass the bait
Shaping the Flux • 1”x1” cylinder with 3/16” center bore is preferred • Shape the magnetic flux to encompass the bait Steel tophat
Rigging 2” Steel tophat 1” NIB Sleeve 16/0 hook
Possible Galvanic Cell + + + Mild steel tophat Passive Ni-plate NIB Copper sleeve Steel with cold galvanizing compound + + + +
Rigging NIB
Setting the Demersal Line • 1 demersal line with 15 16/0 circle hooks • Same type of bait • L-P Hook Event Timers • 24 hour rebait periods • Lines checked every 4 hours • Alternating magnets and controls
Preliminary Results NOVEMBER 2005 2”x2”x1/8” square N48 N48 square blocks, 67 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results NOVEMBER 2005 1”x1”x1/8” square N48 High flux, clumsy shape N48 square blocks, 67 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results NOVEMBER 2005 No sharks captured on treatment hooks N48 square blocks, 67 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results FEBRUARY 2006 – UNDERSIZED MAGNETS 0.4” x 1” minicylinders N48 mini-cylinders, 24 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results FEBRUARY 2006 – UNDERSIZED MAGNETS 0.4” x 1” minicylinders Polarized along length, weak flux N48 mini-cylinders, 24 hour total soak time
3 2 Sharks captured 1 0 Controls Treatments Preliminary Results FEBRUARY 2006 – UNDERSIZED MAGNETS 3 tigers (TL>2m) in same 4hr period N48 mini-cylinders, 24 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results FEBRUARY 2006 CONTINUED 1”x1” N48 cylinders N48 1” cylinders, 24 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results FEBRUARY 2006 CONTINUED Sharpnose N48 1” cylinders, 24 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results JUNE 2006 N50 1”x1” cylinder with 2” tophat N50 1” cylinders with tophats, 48 hour total soak time
Preliminary Results JUNE 2006 No sharks captured on treatments N50 1” cylinders with tophats, 48 hour total soak time
Next Steps • Many more tests • CPUE is too low • November 2006 NOAA cruise • Alaskan and Chilean fisheries
Bimini Biological Field Station Dr. Samuel Gruber Steve Kessel, Tristan Guttridge, Grant Johnson, Katie Grudecki, Jo Imhoff, and the crew Vernon Scholey, IATTC NOAA – Pascagoula Mark A. Grace Charles Bergmann RSMAS Dr. Dan Benetti Patrick H. Rice WWF SmartGear 2006 Committee Kim Davis Rodrigo Donadi George Mizzell, ENG Concepts Acknowledgements