Evaluation of Spatial Repellents Under Semi-field and Field Conditions

1. Evaluation of Spatial Repellents Under Semi-field and Field Conditions Daniel L. Kline USDA-ARS, CMAVE Gainesville, FL dan.kline@ars.usda.gov

2. Spatial (area) repellents Spatial (or area) repellent products are intended to significantly reduce the number of mosquitoes (and potentially other biting flies) in a defined area over a designated period of time.

3. Military Objectives • Protect Individual Soldier • Sentry duty • Special Operations • Protect Community of Soldiers • Tent • Whole Encampment

4. Effects On Target Species • Mortality • True Repellency • Expellency

5. Commercial Products Tested---2009 • Hot Shot No Pest Strip---2,2- dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% • SC Johnson’s Clip-On---metofluthrin 31.2% • ThermaCell---d-cis/allethrin 21.97%

6. Semi-field Tests

7. Mortality Effects 8 ft 8 ft 4 ft 4 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft

9. Hot Shot with 2,2-diclorovinyldimethylphosphate 18.6% Aedesaegypti N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

10. Hot Shot with 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% Aedestaeniorhynchus S 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% N (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

11. Hot Shot with 2,2-diclorovinyl dimethyl phosphate 18.6% Stomoxyscalcitrans N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

13. N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Aedesaegypti S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

14. N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Aedestaeniorhynchus S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

15. N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% Off Clip-On with metofluthrin 31.2% Stomoxyscalcitrans S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

17. N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Ae. aegypti S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

18. N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Aedestaeniorhynchus S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

19. N 76-100% 51-75% 26-50% 0-25% ThermaCell with d-cis/allethrin 21.97% Stomoxyscalcitrans S (Open end) Top position – 3 (1’ from the ceiling) Mortality rate Middle position – 2 (3.3’ from the floor) Bottom position – 1 (1’ from the floor)

20. Repellency Effects

21. Mosquitoes Released Into Each Cage Ochlerotatustaeniorhynchus (500) Aedesaegypti (500) Flies Released Into Each Cage Stomoxys calcitrans (500)

25. Arkansas Field Studies

27. Arkansas Field Studies • 13 trap nights • Five species captured • Psorophoracolumbiae • Anophelesquadrimaculatus • Culexerraticus • Culexsalinarius • Aedesvexans

28. Arkansas Field Studies • None of the candidate spatial repellents prevented mosquitoes from finding the traps. • Traps equipped with ThermaCELL captured significantly fewer mosquitoes.

29. What’s Next: Additional Compounds • Linalool • Geraniol • DEET • TL-I-73 transfluthrin analogue • 1% prallethrin • 1-Methylpiperazine • 1-Ethylpiperazine • 1-Methylpyrrolidine • Kamal’s compounds

30. What’s Next: Delivery Systems

32. What’s Next: • Attract and Kill Technologies • Spatial repellents and artificial barrier treatments against Anopheles mosquitoes under field conditions

33. Collaborators • Ulrich Bernier • Jerome Hogsette • KamalChauhan • James Dunsford • Todd Walker • David Dame • Max Meisch

34. Acknowledgements • Special thanks to Joyce Urban who did all the hard work • Jolene Malicoate for rearing Aedesaegypti • Haze Brown for rearing Aedestaeniorhynchus • Heather Furlong for rearing Stomoxyscalcitrans