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NATURAL GAS & LNG AS ENGINE FUEL Jim Lewis, PE, PEng LNG Expertise, LLC May 21, 2014

NATURAL GAS & LNG AS ENGINE FUEL Jim Lewis, PE, PEng LNG Expertise, LLC May 21, 2014 Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute. NATURAL GAS Natural Gas is mostly methane (CH 4 ) with small amounts of E thane (C 2 H 6 ) P ropane (C 3 H 8 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Impurities Nitrogen

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NATURAL GAS & LNG AS ENGINE FUEL Jim Lewis, PE, PEng LNG Expertise, LLC May 21, 2014

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  1. NATURAL GAS & LNG AS ENGINE FUEL Jim Lewis, PE, PEng LNG Expertise, LLC May 21, 2014 Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute

  2. NATURAL GAS • Natural Gas is mostly methane (CH4) with small amounts of • Ethane (C2H6) • Propane (C3H8) • Butane (C4H10) • Impurities • Nitrogen • Carbon Dioxide • Hydrogen Sulfide

  3. COMPOSITION • Hydrogen • Carbon Ratio • Methane CH4 4 - 1 • Ethane C2H6 3 – 1 • Propane C3H8 2 3/3 – 1 • C4+

  4. COMBUSTION H2 + O = H2O Water C + 2O = CO2

  5. NATURAL GAS CHARACTERISTICS • Density • Specific Gravity • Flammability range 5% to 15% • Octane, Auto-Ignition Temperature 999° F

  6. BOILING TEMPERATURES • Atomic Number • Methane-260° F 16 • Ethane -160° F 30 • Propane -4° F 44 • Vaporization • Vapor Clouds • Density • Buoyancy

  7. CONDENSATION • 620 cubic feet gas 1 cubic foot of LNG • Storage and Transport

  8. CNG Volume Compressed Natural Gas = 8 LNG Pressure 3600 psi Range

  9. LNG VAPOR PRESSURE PRESSURE TEMPERATURE

  10. BOIL OFF GAS • Insulation – Vacuum • Use Vapor • Pressure safety relief

  11. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON MATERIALS • Strength • Toughness / Brittleness, NDT • Expansion and Contraction • Heat Transfer • Freezing, Ice

  12. SAFETY ISSUES • Bad Rap – Cleveland 1944 • Flammability • Volatility – Heat Sources • Ignition Temperature • Flame Speed / Acceleration • Limits – LFL 5%, UFL 15% • Stoichiometric – 10%

  13. MITIGATION • Isolate Source, ESD • Hazard Sensors • Hazard Identification • Risk = Probability x Consequences • = Escalation, Radiant Heat, Exposure • Exclusion Zones – Vapor, Heat, Ignition

  14. FIRES & FIRE FIGHTING • Fuel • Vapor • Heat • Liquid Surface • Impoundment • Oxygen – Foam • Escalation

  15. MAPLYN SANDS TESTS

  16. FIRE

  17. CODES • Materials, Stainless Steel • Pressure Vessel, Piping and Electrical Codes • Spacing – Fire and Radiant Heat, Ignition • Risk Assessment- Probability x Consequences • As Low as Reasonably Practical (ALARP) • Public Risk

  18. IGNITION • Spark Ignition • Compression Ignition (Diesel) • Diesel Ignition (5%) • LNG Aging

  19. MARINE USE • Onboard Storage • Cargo Tank • Pressure Vessels • Bunkering • LNG Source • Bunker Barge • Fueling Station • ESD • Dry Break Transfer • Hull Protection • Ventilation

  20. INFRASTRUCTURE • Source • Pipeline • Production • Pretreatment • Stripping • H2O • CO2, H2S

  21. INFRASTRUCTURE (cont.) • Liquefaction • Refrigerants - Cascade • - Mixed Refrigerant • - Nitrogen • Storage • Large Atmospheric Pressure (API 620), Site Erected • Pressure Vessels (ASME), Shop Fabricated • Transport • Truck • Rail • Barge • Bunkering • On Board Fuel Tanks

  22. COSTS • The Cost of Fuel will be Project Specific • Well head gas cost • Liquefaction • Transport • Bunkering Infrastructure and Operations • ½ the Price of Diesel • Fuel Comparison • Energy Equivalance • Volume Equivalence Not Good • Diesel Gallon Equivalent DGE = 1.7 gal LNG • Cost per Mile

  23. MARINE REGULATIONS • CLASSIFICATIONS • US Coast Guard, Local • Transport Canada, Provencial • Captain of the Port • Emissions, Spills on Water • Sulfur • Particulate

  24. TRAINING • Attitude and Oversight • Fundamentals – Turn the Valve • Experience • Cooperation

  25. PUBLIC RELATIONS • Regulators • NIMBYs • Issues (+ or -): History, Cleveland, 7 Decades • Safety • Explosions • Emissions • Pollutions, Sulfur • Fracking • Congestion • Jobs

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