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先端超高周波情報工学 ( 博士後期課程 ) 先端超高速情報工学 ( 留学生特別コース） Advanced High-Speed Communication Engineering

先端超高周波情報工学 ( 博士後期課程 ) 先端超高速情報工学 ( 留学生特別コース） Advanced High-Speed Communication Engineering. Optical devices and integrated optical circuits for photonic network applications. Lecture: July 26, 2012. Hirohito Yamada. Self-intoroduction. Hirohito Yamada.

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先端超高周波情報工学 ( 博士後期課程 ) 先端超高速情報工学 ( 留学生特別コース） Advanced High-Speed Communication Engineering

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  1. 先端超高周波情報工学(博士後期課程)先端超高速情報工学(留学生特別コース） Advanced High-Speed Communication Engineering Optical devices and integrated optical circuits for photonic network applications Lecture: July 26, 2012 Hirohito Yamada

  2. Self-intoroduction Hirohito Yamada 1987 Graduated from Dep. of Electronics, Graduate School of Eng.,Tohoku Univ. Doctor Engineering in study of surface emitting laser diodes 1987 – 1997 Research Laboratories, NEC Corp. Research and development of laser diodes for optical communications 1997 – 1998 Physical Sciences, NEC Research Institute, Inc., Princeton, NJ Research of wavelength tunable lasers with photorefractive materials 1998 – 2006 Research Laboratories, NEC Corp. Research of photonic crystal and Si-wire waveguide devices 2006 – Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Education in Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering Research of Si photonic devices for optical communications

  3. Lecture contents Purpose of this lecture: -To understand background of requiring photonic network -To think about future photonic networksystems - To study optical devices and integrated optical circuits Lecture contents: - Background of requiring high capacity optical network -Photonic network and photonic node -Optical devices and integrated optical circuits for photonic network Lecture slide can be downloaded from: http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~babe Any questions: E-mail: yamada@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp

  4. Background of requiring high-speed network

  5. Increasing trend of domestic network traffic Total amount of domestic internet download traffic: 1.7Tbps(end of 2011) Annual growth rate: 40% Total domestic internet download traffic Total domestic internet upload traffic 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 year 出典: H24年度版情報通信白書

  6. Number of domestic broadband subscriber Number of broadband subscriber is over 39 million at the end of 2011 FTTH(fiber to the home): 22.3 million which is10.3% increase over the previous year FWA: Fixed Wireless Access BWA: Broadband Wireless Access), WiMAX etc. 3.9G: 3.9 generation mobile communication systems, LTE, mobile WiMAX, UMB etc. Cited from: H24年度版情報通信白書

  7. Spreading application range of optical communication Rack to rack → Board to board → Chip to chip → On chip interconnection Active optical cable (AOC) Up to 100m Infiniband DDR(20Gbps)AWG24 Up to 20m Light Peak Cited from: C. Gunn, “CMOS Photonics™ Technology Enabling Optical Interconnects” Luxtera, Inc.

  8. Spreading application range of optical communication Storage Area Network(SAN) with Active Optical Cable(AOC) Universal Bus Interface for PC Light Peak Backplane of a server Bus interface for the SONYVAIO Z

  9. On chip optical interconnection for LSI Global interconnection Optical interconnection Local interconnection Transistor layer Emerging performance limit of LSI Many core architecture • - Clock frequency • Power consumption • Noise problem Performance limit of electrical interconnection Optical interconnection Electrical interconnection • High speed • Low power consumption • Low noise Cross-section of LSI chip(Intel) 130nm 6-layer cupper wire

  10. Developing history of optical-link capacity 1st generation with ETDM, EFDM (Electrical method) 3rd 2nd generation using WDM and Optical Amp. (Optical method) 10,000 Laboratory Commercial system ETDM ETDM 1,000 WDM + ETDM WDM + ETDM 1.6T (40G×40) OTDM 100 WDM + OTDM FA-10G 10 F-1.6G Transmission capacity(Gbit/s) F-2.4G FSA-2.4G FA-2.4G 1 F-1.8G WDM System new F-600M F-600M FS-400M F-400M With optical amplifier 0.1 SDH System F-100M With dispersion shifted optical fiber F-32M 0.01 With DFB-LD F-6M With single-mode fiber 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Developing history of optical-link capacity in Japan

  11. Multiplexing for high capacity optical link Electrical multiplexing →1st generation -Electrical time-division multiplexing(ETDM) - Electrical frequency-division multiplexing(EFDM) Up to 100Gbps, limited by response speed of electronics Optical multiplexing →2nd generation -Wavelength division multiplexing(WDM) Using many different wavelength as different channel More than 10Tbps transmission (40Gbps×273 wave＝10.9Tbps, 117km) have been demonstrated in 2001 λ1 λ1 λ2 λ2 λ3 λ3 λ4 λ4 WDM transmission λ5 λ5 λ6 λ6 λ7 λ7 Code multiplexing Digital coherent optical transmission →3rd generation Multilevel modulation‥‥QAM, DPSK/DQPSK/DP-QPSK etc.

  12. Multiplexing for high capacity optical link Spatial multiplexing →4th generation - Space division multiplexing Thin peace of a optical fiber: ϕ = 125mm Many fibers can be placed in a cable Multi core fiber Each core transmit different signal 1000 core fiber cable Cross section of 19 core fiber (Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd) 305Tbps(172Gbps×100 wavelength×19 core) transmission with multi core fiber (Press released from NICT, Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd and Optoquest Co.,Ltd on Mar. 2012)

  13. Optical network node Optical link (optical fiber) node (router) node (router) node Optical(O) – Electrical(E) – Optical(O) Photo diode Electronic switch Laser diode Optical modulator Optical signal Buffer memory Laser diode Optical modulator Electrical signal Header analysys Optical devices Laser diode Optical modulator Label detection Electron devices Construction of router

  14. Processing speed bottleneck in each node node Optical link (optical fiber) node (router) node (router) node Link capacity: 10Tbps (40Gbps × 256 waveWDM) Processing speed: 100Gbps Expressway Tollgate Traffic jam

  15. Resolving bottleneck by photonic network node Optical link (optical fiber) node (router) node (router) node Link capacity: 10Tbps (40Gbps × 256 waveWDM) Processing speed: 100Gbps Expressway ETC system

  16. What is photonic network Mesh-type NW OPS router OPS router OPS router Next generation network routing optical signal without OE/EO conversion (OE/EO: optical → electrical / electrical → optical) WDM ring-type network OADM(Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) OXC(Optical cross connect) OADM OADM OXC WDM ring NW WDM ring NW OADM OADM WDM mesh-type network Photonic MPLS(Multi-Protocol Label Switching) OBS(Optical Burst Switching) OPS(Optical Packet Switching)

  17. Switching method Circuit switch Packet switch Packet switch Label Data Circuit switching ex) telephone One line is exclusively used by end-to-end Packet switching ex) data communication, Internet One line is shared by all user

  18. Packet switching Routing table Routing table label Port label Port ① 1 ① 1 ② 2 ② 1 ③ 3 ③ 1 ④ 4 ④ 2 ④ ① ⑤ 4 ⑤ 3 ⑥ 4 ⑥ 4 1 2 ② 4 1 2 3 ⑤ 3 4 ③ Packet switch Packet switch ⑥ Every data is divided by a unit of packet Each packet has a label which inform destination address of data Routing table is made by the address information Packet switch outputs each packet at any port based on routing table

  19. Wavelength Router l3 l1 l1 l3 Output port can be switched by changing wavelength l1 DEMUX MUX l2 Port 1 Port 5 l3 l4 l1 DEMUX MUX l2 Port 2 Port 6 l3 l4 l1 MUX DEMUX l2 Port 3 Port 7 l3 l4 l1 MUX DEMUX l2 Port 4 Port 8 l3 l4

  20. SiO2 clad SiO2core 0.5 mm 0.5 mm Si substrate 50 mm 50 mm Arrayed waveguide grating(AWG) N×Nwavelength router can be constructed by an N×N AWG λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λ1,λ2,λ3, …, λN λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λ2,λ3,λ4, …, λ1 λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λ3,λ4,λ5, …, λ2 λ1, λ2, λ3, …, λN λN,λ1,λ2, …, λN-1 Extremely small AWG can be realized by Si-wire waveguide Made of silica waveguide Size 1/1000 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) AWG made by Si-wire waveguide

  21. Si core SiO2 Si core 0.3 mm Si substrate 0.3 mm Si-wire waveguide Ultra high-∆ channel waveguide with nano-meter size Si-core and silica cladding - Strong optical confinement in core - Small bending curvature: R< 5 μm Attractive platform for realizing high-density optical interconnection Structure of Si-wire waveguide SEM photograph of the cross section

  22. Microheaters Electrode Port1 Si-wire waveguide Port2 Port8 Thermo-optic switch with Si-wire waveguide T. Chu et al., Optics Express 13, 10109 (2005) T. Chu et al., Proc. SPIE 6477(2007) Footprint size: 4 mm×2 mm Switching characteristics Photograph of the 1×8 switch

  23. Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer(OADM) OADM l1‥‥ ln WDM signal li li OADM l1‥‥ ln WDM signal li li OADM Certain wavelength signal can be dropped out or added in OADM OADM OADM WDM ring NW OADM R-OADM (Reconfigurable OADM) Add/Drop wavelength can be settable OADM OADM OADM WDM ring NW OADM

  24. R-OADM made of Si-wire waveguide L d L=370 nm d=30 nm electrodes add in 3-dB coupler signal in Bragg grating through 500 mm heater 3-dB coupler drop out 700 mm T. Chu et al., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 1409 (2006) - Wavelength tuning by T-O effect - Wavelength tuning range:6.6 nm - Channel switching time:< 100 μsec Demultiplexing characteristics Wavelength tuning characteristics

  25. Tunable wavelength laser Tunable laser with ring resonator

  26. Function and construction of OPS node Routing control ‥‥ Producing routing table Label processing‥‥ Reading label information and deciding output port based on routing table Switching ‥‥ Switching output port of packet Packet Scheduling ‥ ‥ Controlling output timing to avoid packet collision Buffering ‥‥ Keeping data waiting a while for the timing of output Routing (Producing routing table) Label processing (Deciding output port) Scheduling (Packet collision control) Label Date Switching (Switching output port) Buffering (waiting data output) Output

  27. Optical label processing l1 l4 l3 l2 l2 l1 l3 l4 Data Data Data t Color label Color label l2 l3 l4 l1 Circulator Optical fiber grating Matching of label and grating pattern Missmatching Data Data Data t

  28. Optical Buffer |3> |2> |1> 1. Based on Optical Delay Line and Optical Switch optical delay line optical delay line optical delay line optical switch optical switch optical switch 2. Based on Slow Light Electromagnetically Induced Transparency(EIT) transmittance 0.9μK(-273℃) Natrium (Na) 300,000km/s　→　28m/s coupling probe 70～90K(-203～-183℃) Rubidium (Rb) absorption 300,000km/s　→　1km/s probe frequency

  29. Integrated Optical Circuit Integrating various micro photonic devices Micro photonic devices for optical network Si waveguide Optical switch MUX/DEMUX Resonator Photonic Network Photonic node Photonic network Integrated optical circuit

  30. Reporting Assignment Describe your idea of the future network which can solve problems of explosion of network traffic, and what can we do for enjoying comfortable and ecological network life. Format: Word or PDF File Submission to yamada@ecei.tohoku.ac.jp Deadline: 3rd August

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