Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

4. Fall of Rome • Western Europe left totally fragmented and decentralized • Barbarians settle into small kingdoms such as the Franks in Gaul • Trade halts to a standstill • Literacy drastically falls • Agriculture shifted to exclusively subsistence farming • Feudalism and Manorialism develop in the void left by the fall of the Roman Empire

5. The Manorial System • The Manors were large, self-sufficient farming estates run by Lords • Serfs are bound to the estates and work the land in return for military service and giving part of crop yields to the Lords • As the Middle Ages progress, improvements such as the moldboard and three-field system allow for greater efficiency

6. The Christian Church • Only unifying organization in Western Europe • Similar structure to the Roman Empire: Pope at the top, regional bishops, local parishes • Monasteries sprout up all over Western Europe and serve as examples of holy life as well as centers of education

7. Franks before Charlemagne • Clovis, a Frankish Chieftain, converted to Christianity in 496 AD and united the Franks • The Carolingian dynasty began under Charles Martel and replaced Clovis’ Merovingian dynasty of kings. • Charles “the hammer” Martel halted the advance of the Muslims at the battle of Tours in 732

8. Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance • “Charles the Great” expanded the kingdom east into Germany and South into Italy • Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD which established his kingdom as the Holy Roman Empire • He was a patron of the arts and education, and intellectual activity flourished in what became known as the Carolingian Renaissance • Empire was split at his death, and would only continue as a loose patchwork of small principalities

9. Charlemagne’s Empire

10. Vikings • Also called Norseman, they originated in Scandinavia but spread throughout Europe from Iceland to Russia and even reached America in about 1000 AD • Were fearless warriors who raided all along the coasts of Northern Europe and pillaged Christian Churches. • Eventually began settling raided areas, founding cities such as Dublin and Kiev. • Received part of Northern France from King Charles the Simple in 911 AD in return for ending raids. This fiefdom became known as Normandy

12. Economic and Urban Surge • As time passed, the barbarians became more settled and took more interest in farming • Population growth led to relaxing of the Manorial system and more land expansion • Number of towns increased which allowed for greater contact and trade • Culture and education increased as a merchant class began to develop and literacy increased • By the 13th Century, 20% of the Western European population was urban, but cities still paled in comparison to China

13. Feudal System • System based upon distribution of land from kings in return for loyalty and military service from their vassals. • Reduced regional warfare but allowed kings to build up power

14. William the Conqueror • Descendant of the Vikings, he was the Duke of Normandy but also had a blood connection with the Saxon line of Kings of England • Invaded England and gained the English throne in 1066 after defeating the Saxon Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings • Reorganized the English feudal system after gaining throne. Gave land only to lords who swore loyalty to him and employed local administrators called sheriffs • Bureaucracy would develop that will be very similar to China as government became more centralized and powerful and kings attempted to tax the common people directly

15. Limited Government • Most of Europe, especially Central and Southern, still under localized rule. • The development of strong monarchies were inhibited by:-The power and influence of the Church-The powerful aristocrats of the feudal system-The emergence of parliaments to hold the monarch’s power in check • In 1215, English Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta which established laws that even the king had to follow • Led to creation of Parliament that held the power to tax instead of the King • Similar institutions were created in the other countries to represent the interests of the key three estates (nobles, urban leaders, and church) against the monarchs

16. West’s Expansion • As Western Europe progressed into the High Middle Ages, it became less introverted and began to expand do to Population Growth and the urging of the Catholic Church. • The Vikings explored to the West, all the way to their settlements at Newfoundland • The Spanish slowly pushed back the Muslims and drove them off the Iberian Peninsula by 1492 in what was called the“Reconquista”. • Germanic Knights and settlerspushed East into Poland • And the… The Reconquista as of 1085 AD

17. Crusades • After Byzantine Emperor Alexius I requested assistance from the West to help combat the Seljuk Turks, Pope Urban II urged the Western Christian knights to retake the Holy Land at the Council of Clermont. • 7 Crusades in all, but Europe was only successful in the first few • Other than religious zeal, Crusades were furthered by: a) promise of forgiveness of Crusader sins b) spoils of the Arabsc) adventure seeking Crusadersd) desire for easier pilgrimagese) desire to kill infidelsf) possibility of improved trade and commercial capability

19. Religious Reform and Evolution • Church evolved into more of a political force as it built its own Kingdom of the Papal States around the Vatican • In response, many reform movements sprang up such as the Franciscans who were founded bySt. Francis of Assisi and weredevoted to poverty and service.Also St. Clare created a parallelOrder for women. • Pope Gregory VII attempted to purify the holy character of the church by insisting that priests stay unmarried and also tried to keep the Papacy out of state control by ending the practice of Investiture (state-appointment of Bishops) in the Holy Roman Empire.

20. Western Culture

21. Intellect and Learning • The Early Middle Ages saw little creativity as most knowledge dealt with copying the ideas of previous thinkers • Expanding Western Europe gained much outside insight from Arab and Jewish learning and was reunited with Hellenistic ideas through the Arab World • New Universities appeared in Western Europe and their teachings included philosophy and theology which were centered on finding the connection between Faith and Reason • However, there were also conflicting ideas including Peter Abelard’s view of contradictions between faith and reason in the Catholic Doctrine and Bernard of Clairvaux’s that argued that only Faith was important • Thomas Aquinas argued for the usage of Logic to help explain Faith and his approach was called Scholasticism

22. Religion • Little is known how most people actually practiced • Religious devotion continued to grow as did the worship of Saints, especially the Blessed Virgin Mary • Yet, people continued to hold onto some superstitions and pagan festivals had not disappeared • Religion also played an important role through the arts such as the grand cathedrals and stained glass windows.

23. The Arts • Art focused on serving the glory of God. Stained glass windows using stylized figures to depict Saints or other religious themes were the most common medium • Gothic Architecture evolved as soaring Cathedrals, with their flying buttresses and large windows, were built to portray the magnificence of Catholicism • Medieval Literature at first was only written in Latin, but later vernacular writing developed. Like Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, most writings consisted of adventure or love stories but the scope expanded as the Renaissance arrived.

24. Changes in Economic and Social Structure

25. Women • In high society women considered weak, gentle • Urban women could have role in commerce and guilds • Achieved near equality under the Church that preached equality of souls and ran convents • Still very limited in terms of opportunities but better position than Muslim counterparts

26. Decline of Rural Life • Increased trade and commercial activities provided more opportunities in cities • Lords rejected commerce, demanded higher taxes • Led to peasant uprisings • Overall, lives of Western Peasants improved due to:a) decline of Manorlialism that allowed more individual landb) new technology to facilitate farmingc) more demand for labor as there were less peasants because many moved to cities or died in the Plague

27. Growth of Trade and Banking • Urban Growth allowed more commercial activities which promoted trade • Banking developed in Italian cities to finance trade expeditions which led to a more capitalistic society • Italy exchanged fine cloths and manufactured goods for:a) Luxury Goods from Middle Eastb) Spices from Far East c) Timber, Grain from N. Europed) Wool from England • Commercial Alliances, like the Hanseatic League in N. Germany,developed between cities toencourage trade

29. Merchants and Guilds • Merchants not as prosperous and widespread as Muslim counterparts but had more latitude because independent from the governments • Guilds developed in cities and linked together craftsman of the same trade • Purpose of Guilds was securityand to guarantee quality • However exclusivity and security discouraged innovation • Guilds controlled prices and eventually became political forces within cities

30. Decline in Medieval Synthesis

31. Hundred Years’ War • Fought from 1337-1453 over English lands in France • Demonstrated futility of traditional medieval military practices as gunpowder and crossbows rendered castles and mounted knights obsolete • Feudalism also broke down as professional armies replaced the armies raised by the nobility for the king • Ended in French Victory thanks to Joan of Arc; left lasting bitterness between France and England

32. Black Death and Famines • Famines arrived in the beginning of the 14th century as agriculture could not keep up with the population growth and innovation halted • Black Death arrived in Europe in 1347 via Italian merchants • Killed between one-third and half of Europe’s population • However the economy did not disintegrate as mining and manufacturing actually increased • Gave way to social disputes as peasants gained greater position to negotiate rights after huge loss in workforce

34. Declining Influence of Aristocracy and Church • Nobility no longer held key purpose as armies became professional and urban middle-class emerges • Church lost unifying power as it became its own political entity and focused less on spirituality • People did not become less religious, but influential monarchs and internal problems also weakened the power of the church • Art focus shifted from spiritual pursuits to more humanistic themes as the Renaissance arrived

35. Overview • Gradual recovery from Rome’s Collapse • Power and Influence of Christian Church Christian Church • Manorial System/Feudalism • Expansion of Western Europe • Education and Arts centered around Religious Themes • Increased Trade and emergence of Renaissance • Breakdown of Feudalism

37. Sources • http://homepage.mac.com/lpgoldtop/SchoolSite/APWorld/WEurope.doc • http://www.pptpalooza.net/PPTs/EHAP/AncientRomeSummary.ppt • http://www2.fultonschools.org/teacher/crockett/AP%20World/medieval%20western%20Europe.ppt#256,1,Western Europe • http://www.pptpalooza.net/PPTs/EHAP/MedievalSummary.ppt#307,6,Slide 6 • http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/pdailylife.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years'_War • http://www.pptpalooza.net/PPTs/EHAP/MedievalSummary.ppt#290,38,Slide 38 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_death

38. Picture Sources • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Almoravid_map_reconquest_loc.jpg • http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2007/08/15/wviking115.jpg • http://www.coloradocollege.edu/Dept/HY/Ashley/hy105/Map_-_Viking_Islam__Magyar_Invasions_to_11C.JPG • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England • http://www.theislamproject.org/images/Crusades_Map_12-18.jpg • http://www.culturalcatholic.com/PopeGregoryVII.jpg • http://www.layman.org/layman/_images/stained-glass-window.gif • http://cdn.onlinetravel.com/content_images/common/otc_images/features/barcelona/gothic_cathedral.jpg • http://www.writing-proposals.com/images/treasure.jpg • http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/guilds1.jpg***** • http://www.trinity.edu/sgilliam/sd/richardresearch.html • http://www.barbsbooks.com/Medieval_World.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_death#European_outbreak • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:09julius.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Roemischeprovinzentrajan.png • http://www.pptpalooza.net/PPTs/EHAP/MedievalSummary.ppt#293,11,Slide 11