Monitoring air pollution in protected areas

1. Monitoring air pollution in protected areas Md. HumauinKabir Mountain Forestry BOKU

2. Air pollution? • Changing the natural composition of the air both by men as well as natural process • Effect of air pollution • Direct toxic • Indirect toxic • Types of air pollutants • Primary pollutants exam: dust, smoke, aerosols, haze etc. • Secondary pollutants ozone, acid rain, photochemical smog etc.

3. Air pollution • Way of deposition • Dry deposition (dust, aerosols, gases) • wet deposition (rain, snow, hail) • occult deposition (fog deposition, rime). • Deposition process • Sedimentation • Interception • Turbulent diffusion • Diffusion

4. Air monitoring • To monitor the quality and quantity of air pollutants how they behave in a particular area.

5. Purpose and use of monitoring system. • Data collection • Determination of air pollution trend • Origin of the air pollution • Determination of the effect of pollution

6. Method of air monitoring • Manual method - Passive sampler - Paper tape sampler - Bubbler system • Instrumental method - Non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) - Chemiluminescence - Flame photometric analyser: - Suspended particulate monitoring methods • others

7. Manual methods • Passive sampler: • air pollutants are collected by a chemically treated surface or material • when air pollutants come in contact with collectors, the pollutant is trapped by chemical reaction. • Paper tape sampler • air is pushed through the treated surface by means of pump • then the tape, which is automatically advanced at defined intervals; produce a series of discrete spots or samples. • H2S, HCN, NH3, NO2, SO2, Cl2, COCL2, amines and isocyanates

8. Air inlet pump Paper tape Take-up spool Fig : 1 Paper Tape Sampler

9. Manual method • Bubbler method • Concerning with collection of gaseous pollutants • To bubble the air through a solution developed to absorb or react with the pollutants.

10. Instrumental methods • Non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR): • mainly designed to monitor those gases, for example, SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, hydrocarbons which absorb in the infra-red

11. Sample cell Beam chopper Signal output detector source Reference cell Fig2: NDIR analyzer

12. Instrumental methods • Chemiluminescence: - the emission of light energy that is generated from some chemical reaction, example; NO + O3 = NO2 + O2 NO2= NO2 + hv used to monitor for NOx and O3.

13. catalyst NO2 NO Sample in Ozone generator Clean air Photo-multiplier Filter output NO + O3 NO2 + O2 hv Fig3: Chemilunminenscence Detector for NOx

14. Instrumental methods • Flame photometric analyser: • used for the analysis of sulphur compounds • samples from a gas chromatographers column are passed through a flame rich in hydrogen. • If there is any sulphur containing compounds are present, the sulphur will be reduced to a diatomic molecule, S2.

15. Filter p.m.t electrometer Sample air H2 Fig 4: Flame photometric detector

16. Instrumental methods • Suspended particulate monitoring methods: • Traditionally this dust is collected for measurement by sucking air through a filter and weighting the collecting dust • High volume air sampler is used to determine this sort of suspended particles mainly

17. Others indicators • Forest • Quality of bark, leaf, bole, • Water • Lichen • small grey or yellow plants formed by a fungus and a green alga and /or a blue-green bacterium, which scatter over surface of rocks and trees. • low level of sulphur, nitrogen, and fluorine-containing pollutants affect adversely many species, modifying the lichen community composition, growth rates, reproduction, physiology, and morphological appearance.

18. Conclusion Table: summary of air monitoring system

19. Conclusion • Challenging job • Climatic change • Protected area are getting under threat to air pollutants, so data from monitoring is essential to take the necessary steps.