EVERYTHING in the universe is either…..

1. EVERYTHING in the universe is either….. MATTER or Energy

2. Biochemistry- The study of chemicals important to living systems CHEMICALS are MATTER because they have mass and take up space!!

3. Chemicals of Life All chemicals, all matter are made up of different combinations of the elements found on the periodic table. These are all of the elements we know of in the universe!!

4. Chemicals of Life • ELEMENTS bond together to form MOLECULES • MOLECULES consist of two or more atoms sharing their electrons. • MOLECULES consisting of atoms from different types of elements are called COMPOUNDS

5. Chemicals of Life • Organisms from ALL of the Kingdoms, from bacteria to animals are made up of compounds formed mostly from relatively few elements. Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Hydrogen Oxygen

8. NITROGEN

9. hydrogen HYDROGEN-so simple…

10. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Are made up of two or more elements, like all compounds • Contain CARBON • Combine to form organisms’ bodies!

11. Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Organic CompoundsFour main categories important to life:

12. PROTEINS • Contain NITROGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN • Complex, long molecules used to build structures of the body and communicate within the body (enzymes, hormones) Peptide bonds formed with the help of the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of cells, develop the chain of amino acids to determine the primary protein structure

13. Your body needs 20 different specific amino acids to build the proteins you need You can make 12 yourself, the other 8 you must get in your food ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS: *The 8 amino acids you must intake in food *Animal proteins contain these 8, Plant proteins contain some of the 8 essential amino acids PROTEINS are made of AMINO ACIDS

14. All amino acids have a basic structure • These amino acid monomers are chained together to form polymers called polypeptides

15. Structure determines shape, which determines function

17. 20 DNA coded amino acids • Some special functions of some of the amino acids: • Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin. • Tyrosine is a precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. • Glycine is a precursor of heme. • Aspartate, glycine, and glutamine are precursors of nucleotides

18. Abbreviation Amino acid name ------------ --------------- Ala A Alanine Arg R Arginine Asn N Asparagine Asp D Aspartic acid (Aspartate) Cys C Cysteine Gln Q Glutamine Glu E Glutamic acid (Glutamate) Gly G Glycine His H Histidine Ile I Isoleucine Leu L Leucine Lys K Lysine Met M Methionine Phe F Phenylalanine Pro P Proline Ser S Serine Thr T Threonine Trp W Tryptophan Tyr Y Tyrosine Val V Valine Asx B Aspartic acid or Asparagine Glx Z Glutamine or Glutamic acid. Xaa X Any amino acid. TERM termination codon From DNA to protein, it starts with an amino acid chain…

19. Primary structures are just the beginning • Structure determines function

20. CARBOHYDRATES • Are made of CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN ONLY! • Sugars, Starches and Fiber are all carbs! • Living things store energy in carbohydrate molecule

21. carbohydrates glucose and fructose are MONOMERS of the disaccaride, sucrose

22. Simple sugars have the Chemical formula: C6H12O6 Simple sugars are easy to digest and release energy stores form Glucose,, fructose, ribose, and are all examples of simple sugars Complex carbohydrates are formed when simple sugars are bonded by dehydration synthesis Starches and fiber like cellulose are complex carbohydrates carbohydrates

23. Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

24. Functions of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides: chemical energy source • Disaccharides: chemical energy source • Oligosaccharides: markers and signals for cells • Polysaccharides: structure & energy storage • Glycogen: animal energy storage • Cellulose: plant cell wall material

25. LIPIDS • General facts: • Lipids are molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, just like carbohydrates • Do not mix with water • Used for energy storage and much more…. • Fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids

26. Types of lipids…1.Fatty Acids Fattyacids They are made of a hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a carboxylic acid group; The arrangement causes the molecule to have a polar, hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar, hydrophobic end that is insoluble in water. The carbon chain, typically between four to 24 carbons long, may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be attached to functional groups containing oxygen, halogens, nitrogen and sulfur. Where a double bond exists, there is the possibility of either a ''cis'' or ''trans'' geometric isomerism, Most naturally occurring fatty acids are of the ''cis'' configuration, although the ''trans'' form does exist in some natural and partially hydrogenated fats and oils.

27. 2.Sterols • important component of membrane lipids, (along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins). • derived from a fused four-ring core structure • have different biological roles as hormones and signaling molecules

28. Cholesterol is a very important lipid

29. Cholesterol at work

30. Types of Steroids • The eighteen-carbon (C18) steroids include the estrogen family. • the C19 steroids comprise the androgens such as testosterone and androsterone. • The C21 subclass includes the progestogens as well as the glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. • The secosteroids, comprising various forms of vitamin D, are characterized by cleavage of the B ring of the core structure. • Other examples of sterols are the bile acids (cholic acid), which in mammals are derived from cholesterol and are synthesized in the liver.

31. steroids

32. 3.Prenols ~Carotenoids are important simple prenols that function as antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin A. ~Quinones and hydroquinones are prenols,. Vitamin E and vitamin K, are examples of this class. ~Humans and other animals get these lipids from plants Vitamin K1 is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, swiss chard, and the cabbage family (some fruits such as avocado, kiwifruit and grapes are also high in vitamin K. Carotenoids are found in orange vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes and squash.

33. 4. Triglycerides In these compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are bonded to different fatty acids by dehydration synthesis. • function as a food store • these lipids comprise the bulk of storage fat in animal tissues. • The hydrolysis of the bonds of triglycerides and the release of glycerol and fatty acids from adipose (fat) tissue is called fat mobilization.

34. 5. Phospholipids • ubiquitous in nature • key components of the lipid bilayer of cells • involved in metabolism and cell signaling.

35. 6. Spingolipids • found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons.

36. 7. Saccharolipids Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty acids are linked directly to a sugar backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers. Glucosamine is one of the monosaccharides often used to make these saccharolipids

37. 8. Polyketides Many commonly used anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, and anti-cancer agents are polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such as erythromycins, tetracyclines, avermectins, and antitumor epothilones.

38. Why do we (humans) need Lipids? Lipids are fats, oils and waxes. They are part of: • membranes that surround every one of our cells and many organelles • long-term energy storage molecules • Subcutaneous fat for insulation for maintenance of body heat • Myelin sheath to help facilitate nerve impulses • Fat deposits for padding to protect important organs. • Steroidal hormones and vitamins A,D,E,K

39. How do we obtain needed lipids? • Frequently foods we get our protein from also contain fats or oils as well. • Animal fats, fish oils and plant oils are all common sources of lipids

40. What to know about choosing dietary fats: • Stay away from “trans fats” found in most margarine brands, vegetable shortening (Crisco), partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, deep-fried chips, many fast foods, and most commercial baked goods!! These fats will increase your risk for heart disease and some say cause other health problems as well.

41. If cholesterol is so useful, what's the big deal? Cholesterol is a wax-like substance. • The liver makes it and links it to carrier proteins called lipoproteins that let it dissolve in blood and be transported to all parts of the body. useful • it plays many important roles in the formation of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D. Veryuseful • HDL and LDL are two types of cholesterol in your blood. Here is the dilemma…

42. HDL vs LDL HDL is the “happy” cholesterol, high levels have proven to lower your health risks. LDL is the “bad” cholesterol, high amounts have been shown to increase health risk.

43. Saturated vs Unsaturated • Its all about the double bonds Saturated fats tend to come with added cholesterol that you do not need

44. What NOT to eat….

45. Why worry about extra cholesterol? • Deposits of cholesterol can build up inside arteries. • These deposits, called plaque, can narrow an artery enough to slow or block blood flow. • This narrowing process, called atherosclerosis, commonly occurs in arteries that give blood to the heart muscle to provide it with oxygen and glucose (the coronary arteries). Yuck>>>>

46. Heart attack, Stroke, death… • When one or more sections of heart muscle fail to get enough blood, and thus the oxygen and nutrients they need, the result may be the chest pain known as angina. • In addition, plaque can rupture, causing blood clots that may lead to heart attack, stroke, or sudden death.

47. Nucleic Acids • Are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Are the molecules that hold the code for how to make all the proteins of the organism • Are the molecules that communicate the code for proteins to ribosomes • Are the molecules that help make the proteins in the ribosomes • DNA & RNA

48. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

49. DNA has a unique chemical structure • Made of repeating nucleotide units • Has two nucleotide chains, which are bonded at the nitrogenous bases • The double chains are twisted in a “double helix” shape

50. A Nucleotide The monomer of nucleic acids