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Thursday 04.11.13 Week 3

Thursday 04.11.13 Week 3. IN.S.S. – Core Standard 8.3 * I can explain the predictability of characteristics being passed down from parent to offspring. Homework : Finish Monohybrid Cross Lab. Agenda TradeNGrade Genetic Profile Mendel and Genetics Notes Begin Monohybrid Cross Lab.

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Thursday 04.11.13 Week 3

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  1. Thursday 04.11.13 Week 3 IN.S.S. – Core Standard 8.3 * I can explain the predictability of characteristics being passed down from parent to offspring. Homework: Finish Monohybrid Cross Lab • Agenda • TradeNGrade Genetic Profile • Mendel and Genetics Notes • Begin Monohybrid Cross Lab

  2. Reproduction Review

  3. Reproduction ReviewHint: Use your Chapter Review from Last Unit! • Mitosis – copying and splitting of cells • Meiosis – the creation of 4 haploid sex cells • Fertilization – the combination of 2 haploid sex cells to create a zygote • Zygote – the single diploid cell with complete set of chromosomes, ½ from mom, and ½ from dad. • Homologous – a certain set of chromosomes (from mom and dad) • Haploid – single set of chromosomes • Diploid – full set of chromosomes

  4. Here is one set of chromosomes. For example, the two sets of chromosome #5. These are “homologous chromosomes.” and it is a diploid (2n) cell. The light blue came from this organism’s mother, and the dark blue was from dad. Meiosis Replication occurs. Each chromosome is copied to prepare for division. Crossing over occurs. The first division: Homologous chromosomes separate. We now have haploid (n) cells with replicated chromosomes. The second division occurs and the replicated chromosomes separate. We end with 4 haploid (n) cells with unreplicated chromosomes.

  5. Notes: Mendelian Genetics

  6. Heredityis passing characteristics from one generation to the next. Genetics is the study of heredity.

  7. Who was Gregor Mendel? • Gregor Mendel is the “Father of Modern Genetics.” He was an Austrian monk who studied heredity in pea plants. His work was published in 1865. • He described “factors” that were passed between generations of plants. • We now know the factors are genes:chemical factors that determine characteristics.

  8. Mendel observed true-breedingpea plants produced genetically identicaloffspring. • ex. Tallplants produced talloffspring, short produced short. • True-breeding plants self-pollinate. (have both male and female parts)

  9. Mendel’s Peas • Mendel studied seven different traits in pea plants. • Traits are inherited characteristics that vary from individual to individual. • Each trait each had two different forms or alleles. • Pea plant height can be either tall (T) OR short (t). • Allele – the different possible forms of a trait

  10. Mendel’s Peas • Homozygousmeans to have 2 identicalalleles for a trait. • Ex. TT or tt True-breeding pea plants are homozygous. • Heterozygous means to have 2 differentalleles for a trait. • Ex. Tt Hybrid plants are heterozygous.

  11. Generations of Pea Plants P = Parent generation = your parents F1 = First generation offspring. = you Produceshybrids = crosses between parents with different traits (Tall x short) (TT x tt) F2 = Second generation offspring. = your kids Formed from hybrid x hybrid. (Tt x Tt) (F1 x F1)

  12. Mendel’s Experiment: TT x tt • Question: True-breeding tall x true breeding short? (P generation) • Hypothesis: Mendel expected medium-sized plants in F1 generation. • Method: He cross-pollinated plants, taking pollen from one flower onto another. • Results: F1 generation = hybrid generation • All plants were TALL, not medium as expected.

  13. Mendel’s Experiment: TT x tt Genotypic ratio (genetic makeup): 0TT: 4 Tt : 0 tt Phenotype (physical appearance): 4 Tall : 0 short Conclusion: Principle of Dominance:some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

  14. Principle of Dominance • Dominanttraits are expressed if only one allele is present. (capital letter, first letter of trait ex. Tall= T) • Ex - Tall allele (T)is dominant and short allele is recessive (t) • F1 generation = All plants were tall even though Tt • both TT and Ttplants are Tall

  15. Principle of Dominance • Recessive traits are expressed when the dominant allele not present. Two alleles are needed for the recessive trait to be expressed. (lower case letter) • Ex from pea plants- short allele is recessive (t) • Only tt plants are short.

  16. Principle of Dominance • The Principle of Dominance explains why genotype differs from phenotype. • Genotypesfor plant height are TT, Tt, tt.Genotypes can be heterozygous or homozygous. • Phenotypes for plant height are tall or short. • TT and Ttgenotypes both expressed the tallphenotype because the T is dominant to t. Only the ttgenotype expressed the shortphenotype.

  17. Mendel’s Experiment: Tt x Tt Question: Have the recessive alleles disappeared? Hypothesis: The F2 generation will be all tall plants. Method: F1 x F1Tt x Tt = Mendel allowed the hybrids to self-pollinate

  18. Mendel’s Experiment: Tt x Tt • Result: F2 Generation • genotypic ratio: • 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt • phenotypic ratio: • 3 tall: 1 short • The recessive alleles reappearedand were expressed.

  19. Mendel’s Experiment: Tt x Tt Conclusion: Principle of Segregation: 2 alleles for a traitseparateduring meiosis.Each gamete receives only one allele. * The alleles are on separate homologous chromosomes. T and t separated (segregated) during meiosis, and each gamete received only T or t.

  20. Principle of Segregation During fertilization, a “t” gamete fertilized a “t” gamete 1/4 of the time, resulting in tt short plants. This accounts for new combinations of allelesthat were not present in either parent.

  21. Principle of Segregation TT Tt tt T T T t t t GAMETES

  22. Principle of Segregation

  23. Punnett Squares • A Punnett square is a diagram that predicts outcomes of genetic crosses. • use dominance to determine phenotype from genotype • Ex. #1 In humans, having dimples is dominant to not having dimples. Predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross between a man heterozygous for dimples and a woman without dimples. • D = dimples • d = no dimples

  24. Equation: Dd x dd • Genotypic ratio: • 0DD: 2 Dd: 2 dd • Phenotypic ratio: • 2 dimples: 2 no dimples

  25. Summary • Genotype – genetic makeup of individual (letters) • Phenotype – physical expression of individual • Allele – the different forms of a trait • Dominant – the trait is expressed with only one allele • Recessive = the trait is only expressed if both alleles are present

  26. Link: Mendel Rap • Lryics: • The answer’s in my garden where I’ve planted different peas • And sprinkled pollen as I pleased then counted out the progeny. • What did you discover in your garden with your peas? • About those factors we can’t see but which explain our family trees? • Here’s the news. They come in two’s. They separate. It’s up to fate. If an egg or a sperm has a trait that will dominate. • And when they join together, my forecasting’s most impressive. Bet you, three times out of four I’m right unless they’re both recessive. • But where these hidden factors are well that I cannot fathom.

  27. HeLa Cells with Colbert • http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/267542/march-16-2010/rebecca-skloot What is Cancer? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dK9UcjSPkLs&feature=related

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