Respiratory Emergencies

1. Respiratory Emergencies Dr. Maha Al-Sedik

2. Objectives: 1- Anatomy. 2- Control of respiration. 3- Patient assessment.

3. The Respiratory Organs: Conducting zone • Respiratory passages that carry air to the site of gas exchange. • Filters, humidifies and warms air • e.g., nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea) • Respiratory zone • Site of gas exchange. • Composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs.

4. Conducting zone Respiratory zone

5. Respiratory muscles • Diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation

6. Anatomy

8. Conducting zone: 1-Nose: • Provides airway • Moistens and warms air • Filters air • Resonating chamber for speech • Olfactory receptors • Connects with pharynx posteriorly • Nasal septum divides nasal cavity in midline

9. Nasal Conchae • Inferior to each is a meatus • Increases turbulence of air • 3 bridges - like structures • Reclaims moisture on the way out

10. Nose

11. 2- The Pharynx (throat): • Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the: • Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly. • Larynx and esophagus inferiorly. • Extends from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra

13. It is divided into three regions • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • hypopharynx • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as common passageway for food and air

14. Hypopharynx ( laryngopharynx) : • Where the oropharynx and nasopharynx meet • Gag reflex is profound. • Triggering may cause vagal bradycardia, vomiting, and increased intracranial pressure.

15. swallowing Epiglottis posterior to the tongue keeps food out of airway

17. 3- Larynx (Voice Box): • It opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly and continuous with the trachea. • The three functions of the larynx are: • To provide a patent airway • To act as a switching mechanism: • Closed during swallowing • Open during breathing • To function in voice production.

18. Anterior view

21. Framework of the larynx: • It is composed of 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments • Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) anteriorly • Cricoid cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage: the only complete ring of cartilage: signet shaped and wide posteriorly

22. Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3 pairs of small cartilages. • Arytenoid: anchor the vocal cords. • Corniculate • Cuneiform • 9th cartilage: epiglottis.

23. Posterior view

25. Vocal Ligaments: • Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage. • Composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords. • The medial opening between them is the glottis • They vibrate to produce sound as expired air rushes up from the lungs.

26. moving arytenoid cartilages

27. Laryngeal muscles control length and size of opening by moving arytenoid cartilages. • Sound is produced by the vibration of vocal cords as air is exhaled.

28. IV – Trachea:

29. It extends from larynx in the neck and ends by division in thorax into two main (primary) bronchi. • 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage joined by fibroelastic connective tissue

31. Respiratory zone Respiratory system structures look like an inverted tree.

32. Lungs Left lung: separated into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure Right lung: separated into three lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures

34. Tracheobronchial tree: • Trachea is the trunk of tree • Carries air to the lungs • Extends from the larynx to the main stem bronchi

35. Mainstem bronchi branch into: • Lobar bronchi. • Segmental bronchi. • Subsegmental bronchi. • Bronchioles.

37. Alveoli: • Gas exchange interface • Deoxygenated blood releases carbon dioxide and is resupplied with oxygen.