South Africa and Apartheid: African Segregation

1. South Africa and Apartheid: African Segregation What is apartheid? What effects did it have on South Africa? Who was involved in its creation? Why was it so important? Is it still alive today?

2. What is it? What does apartheid mean? Apartheid is a policy that separates people based on politics, economics, and race. It separated non-European groups from Europeans in South Africa Apartheid ended in South Africa in 1994

3. The Republic of South Africa

4. History of Apartheid and South Africa Apartheid’s history is long and interesting It can be traced back to Dutch East India Company and her trading port at Cape Town, South Africa in 1652 under Jan van Riebeeck Slaves brought in from Malaya and Indonesia, meaning that slavery existed long before African slave trade began Indigenous people driven away by Dutch and the labor force or killed through disease and war

5. Wandering Farmers • (Trek) Boers (original Dutch, Flemish, French and Gemans) settled land originally belonging to indigenous groups • Dutch power eventually faded • British took over in 1796

6. History of Apartheid and South Africa A new government under the English Parliament and British common law was created Afrikaners (aka Boers) were offended by government who liked slavery and a government system that gave no rights to nonwhites 1834: British abolished slavery and the Afrikaners moved north during the Great Trek of 1835 where they killed many indigenous people

7. History of Apartheid and South Africa Transvaal and Orange Free State (no British domination) were founded by Boers Nonwhites brutally treated by Boers whereas Cape Town (under British control) had a lot of mixing of races Mid-nineteenth century: Dutch and British physically separated, not much interaction among races led to uneasy, short-lived equilibrium Why do you think friendly relationships fell apart?

8. The Zulu In the early 1800s the Zulu migrated south Under Shaka Zulu, this people built a large empire northeast of the Orange River Those groups defeated by the Zulu fled to escape

9. Boers, Zulu, British, Oh My! At the same time, the Boers were moving north during the Great Trek Transvaal and the Orange Free State were actually created in Zulu lands Battles erupted between Boers and Zulus and continued for years Ended when the British joined the Boers and defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1879

10. Mine, Mine, Mine • Diamonds discovered 1860, gold in 1871 • A combination of British investors and African workers earned money for South African whites • Fighting between indigenous groups such as Zulu and European powers erupted into the Anglo-Boer War

11. Anglo-Boer War Europeans eager to get rich so they went into the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, which was where the Boers were living British wanted the gold and political control over the two Boer republics Resentment among British for earlier defeat in First Boer War 1902: Dutch lost the war to the British

12. Mine, Mine, Mine Why do you have to carry around passes? Government policies soon began to hurt Africans, who were denied status as lawful citizens, who had to live near their workplaces permanently and who couldn’t travel without government pass Labor Unions and the South African Labour Party battled to ensure that Europeans remained in power and that the nonwhites were not allowed to gain power, even if that meant use of violent tactics

13. Legislation and Strikes Mines and Works Act of 1911: government board certified those who can work in “hazardous” jobs in attempt to dehumanize the non-Europeans December 1921: a plan to hire Africans was ended by massive strike that closed down a mining region for 2 months Showed that Whites willing to do anything to keep jobs and stay in power Colour Bar Act of 1926: continued to keep blacks from moving into more favorable jobs

14. Independence • South Africa became an independent British dominion 1910 and an independent nation in 1966 • Whites were the minority (15%) but ruled • Blacks were about 70%, Coloreds (or mixed) were about 11% • The Nationalist Party, supported by Dutch settlers, were racist and strengthened racial discrimination

15. From Colour Bar to Apartheid Mid-1930s: long period of prosperity began, and WWII’s demands for minerals continued streak Colour Bar kept peace among people After WWII, whites in power were afraid that blacks might rise up against them Afrikaner National Party implemented apartheid in the 1940s, which was seen as crucial to making sure white labor was protected

16. Legislation under Apartheid A “homeland” for an indigenous South African Population Registration Act of 1950: 3 racial groups for South Africans: Bantu, white, Coloured (mixed race), with Asians joining at a later time Group Areas Acts of 1950: dictated where certain races could live Land Acts of 1954, 1955: restricted nonwhites to specific areas

17. Effects of Legislation Social interaction between groups, especially marriage, was not allowed Black ethnic groups such as the Xhosas were sent to live in bantustans, or homelands This was supposed to allow each group to develop its own culture free of interference Problem: 9 million South Africans denationalized and four-fifths of the best land went to the white farmers

18. Legal Separation of Races South Africa needed black workers, so laws were passed to control their movement Workers were required to live in a town or city and carry a passport that listed workplace, home, tax payments or criminal charges People were fined or jailed for not obeying the laws.

21. Nonviolent Resistance Albert Luthuli won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 for his promotion of nonviolent resistance to fight apartheid Archbishop Desmond Tutu also won the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent resistance

22. Sharpeville Massacre Protestors demonstrated against the laws that forced blacks to carry passports everywhere Police fired on protestors, killing more than 60 people in 1960

23. Uphill Struggle The ANC (African National Congress) was a political group banned by the South African government. Nelson Mandela led the ANC, was captured and sentenced to life in prison in 1964. More than 20,000 women rallied in Pretoria to demonstrate against the pass laws

24. Struggle Against Apartheid In 1976, students in Soweto, a black township located outside Johannesburg, protested the use of Afrikaans in all public schools. Afrikaans is the language of white South Africans who descend from the Dutch Stephen Biko was a noted anti-Apartheid activist who was arrested and beaten by the police. He died while in custody.

25. Weakening of Apartheid By the late 1980’s global economic pressure began to weaken the grip of apartheid in South Africa Political protests, global economic sanctions, and the end of the Cold War took it’s toll on apartheid

26. Change • F.W. de Klerk lifted the ban of the ANC and began talks with black leaders • Mandela was released from prison in 1990 • By 1994 a new constitution was put in place and elections were held. Mandela became president but still faced white minority opposition