German classical philosophy (XVII c. – first half of XIX c.)

1. Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko German classical philosophy (XVII c. – first half of XIX c.) For all specialities

2. Lection’s plan German Classical Philosophy (G.C.P.) • GCF value in the history of Philosophy • The originality and features of GCP • Characteristics of GCP • Epistemology of GCP Representatives of GCP and features of themphilosophy • The philosophy of Immanuel Kant • Philosophy of Hegel • Ontologyanddialectics • Stages of development of the World Spirit 2

3. Requirements for knowledge and skills • Knowledge • Features and novelty GCP, represented by Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Feuerbach and others. • Characteristics of GCP. • The general ideological and theoretical roots of the classical philosophers. • Authors and terminology of GCP. Skills • To be able to project a philosophical outlook on the area of the material and practical activities. • To be able to analyze your views in the context of general development ideas. 3

4. Material for knowledge recovery • To prepare for the topic “German Classical Philosophy” you must repeat the basic ontology and methodology issues: • Modern philosophy • Classical period of Antique Philosophy. 4

5. Contents German Classical Philosophy • Main concepts • Academic material • Questions for self-examination • Recommended books 5

6. Main concepts German Classical Philosophy • Absolute • Absolute idea • Absolute spirit • Antithesis • A priory • The “thing in itself” • Principles of dialectics • Categorical imperative • Objective spirit • Subjective spirit • Transcedental 6

7. Academic material German Classical Philosophy • Representatives and their role • Kant • Fichte • Hegel • Schelling • Feuerbach • “Classical philosophy” means the highest level of its representatives and importance of philosophical issues. • Representatives of GCP summed up the development of philosophical thought in modern times. • Representatives of GCP did new formulation of many philosophical issues that were not resolved by rationalism or empirism. 7

8. Academic material Innovation and features of GCP • Innovation: • The knowing that human doesn’t live in the natural world, but he lives in the world of culture. • Rational-theoretical understanding of the phenomena of mind and reality. • Features: • Systematic and coherent explanation of the world, which is based on the natural order and harmony of the world, open for rational understanding. • The natural order is due to the interdependence of processes. • It means that whole history of philosophy is an integrity. 8

9. Academic material German classical philosophy • Characteristics of GCP • Understanding of the special role of philosophy in the history of human being: philosophy is “critical conscience of culture”, “the soul of culture”. • The study of human history and human nature. • Develop a holistic concept of dialectics. • Philosophy as a special system of ideas. • Epistemology • The natural order is the goal of knowledge. • The world is how it has created by human mind according pre-given plan (idealism of German classical philosophy). • Следовательно, Philosophical conclusions about the structure of the world have the same degree of accuracy as the conclusions of geometry or mathematics. There are, for example, mathematical science and priory scheme of Kant or Fichte’s “intellectual intuition, etc. 9

10. Academic material Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Рисунок First Kant considered knowledge as an activities that takes place according its own principles. The main books are – «Critique of Pure Reason» (Epistemology), «Critique of Practical Reason (ethics), «The critique of Judgment» (aesthetics). Periods of art: before critical period (1746 -1770) (cosmological issues).Critical period (after 1770 year) (epistemology and ethics issues). 10

11. Academic material Hegel(1770-1831) Рисунок Main books: «Phenomenology of spirit», «Science logic», «Encyclopedia of Philosophy». There are three parts of philosophical system: logic, philosophy of nature and philosophy of spirit. The logic is the domain of “pure thought” (before subject and object). 11

12. Academic material Ontology and dialectics of Hegel • Main idea of Hegel’s ontology – • thinking is equivalent to being • Reason is the substance • The basis of the world is an idealistic start “absolute idea”, which is in the process of development and formation. • The development of ideas is a dialectical process, based on the struggle of contrudictions. 12

13. Principles: The principle of transition of quantitative change to qualitative change. The principle of unity and struggle of opposites. Denial principle. Categories: Essence Contents Common Principle Phenomenon Form Single Random Principles and categories of dialectics

14. Third stage. Synthesis. It’s being of “Absolute spirit world” Second stage. Antithesis. It’s being of nature. In which the idea turns. First stage. Thesis. It is before nature being of “pure idea” into logical categories and concepts. Three stages of the World Spirit’s development (Hegel)

15. 3. Being of Absolute Spirit. It is the infinite freedom, expressed in art, religion and philosophy. Absolute Spirit is the ultimate manifestation of the spirit. It is always effective truth. 2. Being of Objective Spirit. It is common human reason expressed in various forms of social life: family, the state, politics, etc. 1. Being of Subjective Spirit.It is the logic of the individual. Subjective Spirit is the individual mind. At the third stage the World Spirit begins to manifest itself in human society.

16. Art – (thesis).It is an individual project of the Absolute idea. Religion – (antithesis for art).Absolute idea disclosed to human by God in the form of revelation. Philosophy – (synthesis of art and religion).It is the knowledge of God-given and understandable for people. Philosophy is a full disclosure of all truth. It is higher knowledge. Humanity and World Spirit will understand themselves and achieved complete freedom. Through the human conscious activity it is able to understand the principles of the spirit. And it is able to give higher meaning for natural and social progress.

17. Acquired knowledge • Knowledge of German classical philosophy, represented by Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Feuerbach and others. • Knowledge of the common ideological and theoretical roots of the classical philosophers. • Knowledge the authors and terminology of GCP. • Knowledge the main concepts and categories of GCP. 17

18. Questions for self-examination • Name the historical framework and the main features of the GCP. • What the features of the Kant’s philosophy of the before critical and critical periods? • What are the fundamental principles of the dialectics, Hegel formulated? • Describe the essence of Cant’s Categorical Imperative. • Which of problems have been devoted to study the Kant’s book “Critique of practical reason”? • What is an epistemology of GCP? • What are the main principles and categories of dialectics? • What is the difference between classical philosophy and non-classical philosophy? 18

19. Recommended books 1. Introduction in Philosophy : Textbook for higher education. – М., 2003. 2. Philosophy: Textbook for higher education/edited by V.N. Lavrinenko, V.P.Ratnikov. М.,2001 3. Philosophical dictionary/edited by I.Т. Frolov. – М., 2001 4. Guliga А.V. German classical philosophy. – М., 1986. 5. Human. Thinkers of the past and present about his life, deathand non-death. XVIII century. – М., 1991. 19

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