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Understanding TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 & ICMPv6

Explore the advantages of IPv6 over IPv4, including address formats, header structures, ICMPv4 vs. ICMPv6, and transition strategies. Gain in-depth knowledge to enhance network protocols.

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Understanding TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 & ICMPv6

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  1. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Next Generation: IPv6 and ICMPv6 Objectives Upon completion you will be able to: • Understand the shortcomings of IPv4 • Know the IPv6 address format, address types, and abbreviations • Be familiar with the IPv6 header format • Know the extension header types • Know the differences between ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 • Know the strategies for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6

  2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27.1 IPv6 IPv6 has these advantages over IPv4: 1. larger address space 2. better header format 3. new options4. allowance for extension5. support for resource allocation 6. support for more security The topics discussed in this section include: IPv6 Addresses Address Space Assignment Packet Format Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6

  3. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.1IPv6 address

  4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.2Abbreviated address

  5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.3Abbreviated address with consecutive zeros

  6. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.4CIDR address

  7. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.5Address structure

  8. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Table 27.1 Type prefixes for IPv6 addresses

  9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.6Provider-based address

  10. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.7Address hierarchy

  11. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.8Unspecified address

  12. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.9Loopback address

  13. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.10Compatible address

  14. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.11Mapped address

  15. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.12Link local address

  16. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.13Site local address

  17. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.14Multicast address

  18. TCP/IP Protocol Suite IPV6 Datagram • Better header format:options are seperated from base header and inserted when needed between the base header and the data. • New options:New options for additional functionalities. • Allowance for extention:Allows extention of the protocol if required by new technologies or applications. • Support for resource allocation:In IPV6 TOS field is removed,but two new fields,traffic class and flow label,have been added to enable the source to request special handling of the packet. • Support from more security:The encryption and authentication options in IPV6 provide confidentility and integrity of the packet.

  19. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.15IPv6 datagram

  20. TCP/IP Protocol Suite IPV6 Datagram • Better header format:options are seperated from base header and inserted when needed between the base header and the data. • New options:New options for additional functionalities. • Allowance for extention:Allows extention of the protocol if required by new technologies or applications. • Support for resource allocation:In IPV6 TOS field is removed,but two new fields,traffic class and flow label,have been added to enable the source to request special handling of the packet. • Support from more security:The encryption and authentication options in IPV6 provide confidentility and integrity of the packet.

  21. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.16Format of an IPv6 datagram

  22. TCP/IP Protocol Suite IPV6 Datagram header format • Version:Version 6. • Traffic Class:The 8 bit traffic class field is used to differentiate the type of payload. • Flow label:20 bit field designed to provide special handling to perticular flow of data. • Payload length:2-byte payload length field defines the length of the Ip datagram excluding the header.In IPV6 length of header is fixed(40 bytes). • Next header:8 bit field defining type of the first extension header or the type of the data that follows the base header in the datagram. • Hop Limit:Same as TTL in Ipv4. • Source and destination address:Source and Destination 16 byte (128 bit) address.

  23. TCP/IP Protocol Suite IPV6 Datagram header format • Payload:Compared to Ipv4 the payload field in Ipv6 has a different format . • It is a combination of zero or more extension headers followed by the data from other protocols.In Ipv6 options ,which are part of header in Ipv4,are designed as extension headers. • The payload can have as many extention headers as requred by situation. • Each extention header has two mendatory fields next header and header length. Fragmentation and reasembly:IPv6 datagrams can be fragmented only by the source and not by the intermediate routers. • The reasembly takes place at the destination. • When a router receives a packet,it can ckeck the size of the packet and drop it if the size is larger that MTU of the network ahead and sends packet-too-big ICMPv6 message to source.

  24. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.17Extension header format

  25. TCP/IP Protocol Suite IPV6 Datagram extention header format • Up to 6 extention headers. • many of these extentions are options in Ipv4. • Hop by Hop option: used when the source needs to pass information to all routers visited by the datagram. • Pad1:some options need to start at a specific bit of the 32 bit word.If an option falls short of exactby 1 byte ,Pad 1 is added. • PanN:used for 2 or more bytes are needed for padding. • Jumbo payload:Defines longer length of datagrams. • Destination option:USed when the source needs to pass the information to destionation only.Intermediate routers are not permitted to access this information.

  26. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Source routing :uses the concept of srtict source route and loose source route option of Ipv4. Fragmentation:The concept is same as Ipv4 but in Ipv6 only the origenal source can fragment the Datagram.Sourve must use Path MTU Discovery technique to find the smallest MTU of the Networkand then faragments the datagram by using this knowledge. Authetication:Validated the message sender and ensures the integrity of data. ESP(Encrypted security Payload):Provides confidentility and guards against eavesdropping.

  27. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.18Extension header types

  28. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Table 27.2 Next header codes

  29. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Table 27.5 Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 packet header

  30. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.26Fragmentation

  31. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.27Authentication

  32. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.29Encrypted security payload

  33. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Table 27.6 Comparison between IPv4 options and IPv6 extension headers

  34. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27.2 ICMPv6 ICMPv6, while similar in strategy to ICMPv4, has changes that makes it more suitable for IPv6. ICMPv6 has absorbed some protocols that were independent in version 4. The topics discussed in this section include: Error Reporting Query

  35. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.32Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6

  36. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.33Categories of ICMPv6 messages

  37. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Error Reporting Messages: 4 types of errors are handled 1.Destination unreachable 2.Packet Too Big 3.Time Exceeded and 4.parameter Problem Note:Source quench message is elimininated because priority and flow lables fields in IPV6 are supposed to take care of congestion. The redirection message has moved from error reporting catagory to the neighbour discovery catagory Packet Too Big: since IPv6 doesnot fragment at router ,when a packet larger than MTU of a network comes to router ,it generates this message and sends it to source

  38. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.34General format of ICMP messages

  39. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.35Error-reporting messages

  40. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Table 27.7 Comparison of error-reporting messages in ICMPv4 and ICMPv6

  41. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.36Destination-unreachable message format

  42. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.37Packet-too-big message format

  43. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.38Time-exceeded message format

  44. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.39Parameter-problem message format

  45. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.40Redirection message format

  46. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.41Query messages

  47. Host use neighbour discovery protocol to find routers in the neighbourhood that will forward packets for them. Router Solicitation message:A host uses this message to find routers in the neighbourhood that will forward packets for them. Router Advertisement Message:is a responce to Router Solicitation message Neighbour Solicitation message:In Ipv6 Arp protocol is illiminated and its duties are included in ICMPv6. Neighbour Solicitation message has same duty as ARP request Neighbour advertisement message:Responce to Neighbour Solicitation message. Redirection Message: same duty as ICMPv6. TCP/IP Protocol Suite

  48. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Table 27.8 Comparison of query messages in ICMPv4 and ICMPv6

  49. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.42Echo request and reply messages

  50. TCP/IP Protocol Suite Figure 27.43Router-solicitation and advertisement message formats

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