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Health Benefits from Regular Exercise

Health Benefits from Regular Exercise. DECLINE IN DEATHS. Harvard Alumni Study (1985). Mortality. Amount of physical activity. Exercise and Chronic Diseases. Regular exercise reduces risk of or benefits : atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease

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Health Benefits from Regular Exercise

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  1. Health Benefits from Regular Exercise

  2. DECLINE IN DEATHS

  3. Harvard Alumni Study (1985) Mortality Amount of physical activity

  4. Exercise and Chronic Diseases Regular exercise reduces risk of or benefits: • atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease •  TC,  LDL-C,  HDL-C,  TG, heart strength

  5. DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

  6. The first step of atherosclerosis is • Inflammation • Injury • Cancer • Diabetes • More cancer

  7. ARTERY COMPARISONS

  8. Coronary Artery Disease • Atherosclerosis—progressive narrowing of arteries due to build up of plaque • Coronary artery disease (CAD)—atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries • Ischemia—deficiency in blood to heart caused by CAD • Myocardialinfarction—heart attack due to ischemia

  9. AMERICANS AT INCREASED CAD RISK

  10. Did You Know…? Atherosclerosis begins in infancy and progresses at different rates, depending primarily on heredity and lifestyle choices such as smoking history, diet practices, physical activity, and stress.

  11. Exercise and Chronic Diseases Regular exercise reduces risk of or benefits: • atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease •  TC,  LDL-C,  HDL-C,  TG, heart strength • hypertension •  BP

  12. Hypertension • chronically elevated blood pressure • causes the heart to work harder • places strain on arteries causing them to become less elastic over time • affects ~25% of adult Americans • half of these are unaware they have hypertension

  13. Systolic DiastolicCategory (mmHg) (mmHg) Normal < 130 < 85 High normal 130-139 85-89 Hypertension ³ 140 ³ 90 Stage 1 (mild) 140-159 90-99 Stage 2 (moderate) 160-179 100-109 Stage 3 (severe) 180-209 110-119 Stage 4 (very severe) ³ 210 ³ 120 Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults, Age 18 Years and Older

  14. Exercise and Chronic Diseases Regular exercise reduces risk of or benefits: • atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease •  TC,  LDL-C,  HDL-C,  TG, heart strength • hypertension •  BP in hypertensive (but doesn’t normalize) •  colon and breast cancer

  15. Exercise and Chronic Diseases Regular exercise reduces risk of or benefits: • atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease •  TC,  LDL-C,  HDL-C,  TG • hypertension •  BP in hypertensive (but doesn’t normalize) •  colon and breast cancer • diabetes mellitus • exercise  need for insulin

  16. Exercise and Chronic Diseases • obesity •  energy expenditure

  17. Obesity and Overweight in the US • prevalence dramatically  past 30 y • prevalence in children  markedly since 1980 • >33% of adult population is overweight • average adult gains 1 lb/yr after age 25 y • average adult loses 0.5 lb of muscle and bone mass each year after age 25 y

  18. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1985 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  19. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1986 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  20. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1987 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  21. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1988 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  22. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1989 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  23. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  24. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  25. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1992 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  26. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1993 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  27. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1994 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  28. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1995 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  29. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1996 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  30. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1997 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  31. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1998 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  32. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1999 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  33. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2000 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  34. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2001 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” woman) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25% Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC

  35. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2002 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

  36. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2003 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

  37. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2004 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

  38. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2005 (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person) No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

  39. Prevalence of Overweight Among U.S. Children and Adolescents(Aged 2 –19 Years)National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys(NHANES) 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1971-74 1976-80 1988-94 2003-04 Non-Hispanic whites Non-Hispanic blacks Mexican Americans

  40. Fat Distribution Upper-body (android) obesity • Fat stored in upper body and abdominal area (apple shaped) • Occurs more frequently in men • Carries greater risk for CAD, hypertension, stroke, and diabetes Lower-body (gynoid) obesity • Occurs more frequently in women • Fat stored in the lower body around the hips, buttocks, and thighs (pear shaped)

  41. BODY CHANGES, DIET, AND EXERCISE

  42. Exercise and Chronic Diseases • obesity •  energy expenditure • low-back pain • a leading cause for missed work • mental health •  mental well-being • osteoporosis • weight-bearing exercise  bone mineral density

  43. Bone Turnover and Age AGE (yr) Bone Turnover < 20 Bone Gain > Bone Loss 20-40 Bone Gain = Bone Loss > 40 Bone Gain < Bone Loss

  44. Bone Mineral Density osteoporosis

  45. Mechanical loading on bone stimulates bone absorption of Ca2+

  46. Are you looking at a 65-year-old woman with osteoporosis?

  47. Exercise Interventions in Pre-pubertal Children

  48. Comparison of Impact Exercise vs. Weight Training on Changes in BMD of Postmenopausal Women • Ca2+ supplemented at 1500 mg/d • 3 d/wk; 45 min sessions for 11 mo • jogging / stair climbing vs. weight training Kohrt et al., J Bone Miner Res 12:1253, 1997

  49. Summary • Maintaining good bone health is a lifelong process • Exercise (and proper nutrition) are vital in enhancing peak BMD in childhood and in maintaining or increasing BMD in adults

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