Chp. 1 section 4 pp. 49-53

1. Reformation Ideas Spread Chp. 1 section 4 pp. 49-53

2. 4 Setting the Scene King Henry III of France said of Calvinist Geneva “It would have been a good thing, if the city of Geneva were long ago reduced to ashes, because of the evil doctrine which has been sown from that city.” King Henry was Catholic, along with many monarchs in Europe. These monarchs and the Church fought the protestant reformation. They began to try to reform the church, but Protestant ideas continued to spread.

3. 4 Radical Reformers Today the Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish trace their roots to the Anabaptists • As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up. These sects often had ideas that were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin. • One radical group, the Anabaptists, rejected infant baptism. • Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish private property. • Others wanted use violence to speed up judgment day, this part of the sect took over Munster, Germany and Luther told his followers to join Catholics to stop the radicals. • Most called for religious tolerance and separation of Church and state.

4. The English Reformation • John Wycliffe in England had called for reforms in the church as early as the 1300’s • By 1520 some English clergy were using protestant ideals • King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic church for political and personal reasons

5. Seeking an Annulment • King Henry VIII at first stood against the Protestant reformation, the Pope awarded him the title of “Defender of the Faith” for a pamphlet he wrote denouncing Luther. • The problem arose when Henry VIII wanted to annual his marriage to Catherine of Aragon [his Spanish wife, aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and obviously Catholic] because in 18 years of marriage they had only Mary Tudor a daughter • Henry wanted a son and thought this was grounds for an annulment, he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn. • Pope Clement VII refused.

6. Break with Rome • Henry VIII was furious when Pope Clement refused his annulment, he dismissed his long time Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey and had him executed, then he decided to take over the English Church, his advisors also pushed for this, because they leaned towards the Protestant beliefs • Henry appointed Thomas Cromwell Lord Chancellor, Cromwell got a series of laws passed by Parliament that gave the power of the English church to Henry. Thomas Cranmer was appointed Arch Bishop of Canterbury and approved by the pope, Cranmer’s first act was to approve the annulment of Henry from Catherine • The act of Supremacy made Henry the sole controller of all things in England including the church. The Church of England was born [Anglican] • Many devout Catholics refused to convert and were executed, among them Sir Thomas More, who was later canonized, sainted by the Roman Catholic Church • Henry and Anne had a daughter Elizabeth, Henry had Anne beheaded for treason. Married 4 more times

7. King Henry VIII’s Third wife Jane Seymore bore him a son Edward, but she died shortly after his birth • None of his other wives had children. Video

8. The Church of England • The English government took over convents and monasteries, saying they were centers of immorality. Henry seized their land and grated some of the land to nobles and high officials, with this move he secured support for the new Anglican church. • King Henry VIII was not a religious radical, he rejected most Protestant ideas, he allowed the use of the English bible but kept many of the catholic rituals in the Anglican church.

9. Religious Turmoil • Henry VIII died on January 28 1547, Edward VI was crowned king at the age of 10. His advisors being Protestant pushed legislation and reforms in England. • The Book of Common Prayer was written by the Arch Bishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer it had a moderate form of Protestant service, while keeping many catholic practices. Any attempt to fight these new laws were met with swift punishment. • King Edward VI died July 6, 1553, after a sickness that most consider tuberculosis today. The next ruler was his cousin Jane Grey at least for 9 Days.

10. Religious Turmoil Cont. • Mary quickly made sure the new Queen was seen as illegitimate and made her way to London • She assumed the throne on October 1, 1553 and imprisoned all who opposed her. She married Philip prince of Spain, and even had Elizabeth locked in the tower of London • She brought Catholicism back to England, eventually executing Queen Anne and her husband, and then after a failed rebellion by protestant lords set out on a reign of terror where over 250 Protestants were burned at the stake thus she earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” • After two false pregnancies Mary failed in health, finally named her half sister as her heir and died November 16, 1558

11. The Elizabethan Settlement • Elizabeth second living child of King Henry the VIII became queen after the death of “Bloody Mary” she would never marry, but would become rich from the gifts from all her suitors • She was a shrewd and powerful European monarch. She brought Protestantism back to England, but compromised, accepting middle ground, on a mix between Protestant and Catholic practices • England was eventually challenged by the Spanish Armada the most powerful Naval fleet in that time period, her navy defeated the armada and thrust England to the top of the pecking order in Europe. • Elizabeth died March 24, 1603 without an heir. The throne passed to James I, son of the executed Mary of Scots. Thus ended the House of Tudor, After 118 years! It was replaced by the 150 year House of Stuart.

12. 4 The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the Catholic Church. Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. Set up reformers in key posts to end corruption in the papacy itself, these reformers and their successors guided reform for the rest of the century

13. 4 Council of Trent • Pope Paul called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should take • Starting in 1545 the Council met on and off for 30 years • Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views such as Salvation through FAITH and WORKS, and that the Bible is not the only source of Religious Truth • Council took Steps end abuses in the church • Stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption • Established schools for better educated clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings

14. The Inquisition • Church court to try and punish heretics [Protestants] • Used secret testimony, torture, and execution • Established a list of banned books called the “Index of Forbidden Books” including books by Luther and Calvin, books to immoral or irreligious to read

15. Ignatius of Loyola • 1504 the Pope recognized new order the Society of Jesus or Jesuits • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, society was created to defend the Catholic faith and combat heresy • Ignatius was a Spanish knight who after an injury found comfort and peace in reading about saints who overcame mental and physical torture • He would become a “soldier of God” Ignatius drew up a strict program for followers of his new order • Spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous religious training, and absolute obedience to the Church • Began a crusade to defend Catholicism around the world • Jesuits became advisors to Catholic rulers, set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic doctrine • Slipped into Protestant land to preach to the Catholics there • Spread the Catholic faith to Asia, Africa, and the Americas

16. Teresa of Avila • As the reformation of the Catholic church spread many Catholics had renewed faith • Teresa of Avila was a wealthy Spaniard, she became a nun at a young age, but found convent life too easy • Set up a new order of nuns who lived in isolation eating nor sleeping very much dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation • She was asked by Church leaders to reform convents and monasteries across Spain, widely respected for her work and faith • Canonized after her death, her written works were extremely important in her time

17. Results of the Catholic Reformation • By 1600 Rome was much more DEVOUT than it had been 100 years earlier • In Catholic Europe devotion and charity flourished • Reforms did slow the Protestant faith and return some lost areas to Catholicism, but Europe remained Protestant in the North and Catholic in the South

18. 4 Widespread Persecution • During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. • Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics. • Catholics and Protestants persecuted other sects like the Anabaptists and the followers of Calvinism.

19. Witch Hunts • Because of the increased devoutness of people Witch Hunting increased • Usually women were accused • 1450-1750 tens of thousands of women, men, and children were victims • Scholars try to explain this phenomenon with the beliefs of the time that magic and spirits were real, magic was linked to heresy • In times of trouble people look for scapegoats, or someone to blame for a problem, people accused of witchcraft were often beggars, poor widow, midwives, and herbalists [potions from the DEVIL] • Most people charged with witchcraft were in Germany, Switzerland, and France, places of great religious upheaval, as the religious wars ended so did the hunts, most of them

20. Jews and the Reformation • Hard times for Jews, unlike the Renaissance which had been a time of prosperity, with the creation of banks and lending • Spain expelled the Jews in 1492, Italy allowed Jews to stay, Jews were traditionally goldsmiths, artist, trader, and moneylenders, some became doctors and lawyers • Many thought Jews should convert by 1516 Venice and other Italian cities were forcing Jews to live in ghettos [separate parts of a city, sometimes walled in] • Luther thought Jews would convert when they didn’t he said they should be expelled and their synagogues and books burned, many were forced to were yellow badges if they traveled outside their ghettos • 1551’s Pope Paul IV added restriction, Charles V banned the Jews from Spanish colonies in America • Many Jews eventually migrated to Poland and Lithuania and parts of the Ottoman Empire, the Calvinist Netherlands also allowed Jews driven out of Spain and Portugal to settle there.

21. Looking Ahead • Religious wars continued in Europe until the mid-1600s • Issues of religion slowly gave way to issues of National power • Monarchs and Rulers made decisions for political reasons and not just religious reasons

22. 4 Major European Religions about 1600