Chapter 29: The Reformation

1. Chapter 29: The Reformation • Section 1: Martin Luther • Section 2: A New Religion • Section 3: Catholic Reform • Section 4: A Middle Way • Section 5: Wars of Religion • Section 6: The Thirty Years’ War

2. Catholic Church in 15th C • End of the middle ages • Schemes to collect money • Payments for ordinances • Alms for the dead • Begging friars • Tithe on land • Bequeathing of property • Popes more concerned with raising money than being religious • Corruption • 12-year old bishops • Moral decay • Illiterate priests (no teachers) • Money to monks (politicians)

3. European Religions changed the face of Europe.

4. The Spread of the Printing Press With the spread of the printing press, news travelled faster; the Bible was translated and printed in more countries.

5. Section 1: Martin Luther and Reformation: Why it was important • The Reformation is a change in the way the Church taught and practiced Christianity. • Martin Luther - Very religious monk in Germany. - Faithfully followed the Catholic Church but eventually began to question its teachings. - Pope Leo X began selling indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Church in Rome • Indulgences were documents that lessened people’s time in purgatory in exchange for money. -Luther did not believe in this – he felt people were buying God’s forgiveness. -In response to the indulgences and everything he disagreed with, he nailed 95 theses, meaning statements, on a German church’s door in Wittenberg, Germany.

6. SOME OF LUTHER’S BELIEFS • Only God can forgive sins. People should trust in Jesus. • People can speak and pray directly to God without the aid of a priest. • The Pope CAN make mistakes. • The only true guide to religious truth is the Bible and ALL Christians had a right to read it. • Luther was excommunicated and condemned by the German Diet of Worms, as a heretic, or a person who holds a belief different from official Church teachings. • By 1524, Most of Northern Germany had left the Catholic Church to follow Luther. They formed the Lutheran Church.

7. The Spread of Lutheranism

8. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther Luther nailing his 95 theses on Church Door

9. “Unless I am proved wrong by scripture or by evident reason, then I am a prisoner in conscience to the word of God. I cannot retract and I will not retract. To go against the conscience is neither safe nor right. God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther

10. Section 2: A new Religion • Protestant Groups • King Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire knew he could not defeat and force the Lutheran princes of Germany to go back to Catholicism. • Luther’s ideas quickly spread throughout Europe. • Preachers and merchants in Switzerland set up Reformed churches. • Lutheran and Reformed churches were called “Protestant” because they protested the ideas and teachings of Catholicism. • Leaders were called ministers • Spent more time teaching from the Bible • Conducted services in the local languages rather than in Latin to make them easier to understand.

11. John Calvin • John Calvin established a Reformed Church in Geneva, Switzerland. Switzerland became a stronghold for Reformed Churches. He believed that strict obedience to God’s will was required. He passed laws to force people to follow strict rules of behavior: no dancing, playing cards, theater, or drinking. • Many wealthy people supported Calvinism because he stressed the importance of working hard and saving money. • People who did not follow these laws were imprisoned, executed, or banished. • Persecuted Protestants from all over Europe found a safe haven and studied Calvin’s teachings in Geneva. Many returned as ministers to their own countries to set up Reformed Churches.

12. Calvin (Geneva) • Convert to Luther’s ideas • Geneva looking for a Protestant leader • Calvin established church/state government • Moved away from Luther • Teachings led to movements in other countries • Predestination-God already decided who would be saved • Protestant work ethic: work hard and save money

13. Calvin’s World in the 16c

14. Section 3: Catholic Reform • While Protestants formed new churches, the Catholics were working to reform the Church • St. Ignatius Loyola • Gave up his life as a Spanish noble and military officer to serve God • Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to spread Catholic beliefs to all parts of the world. • Set up schools, helped the poor, taught and founded universities; were the first missionaries to spread Catholicism to India, China, and Japan. • Began to bring back Protestants to Catholicism.

15. The Council of Trent • Group of bishops called by the Pope to discuss reforms and defend Catholic teachings • Ended practices such as the sale of indulgences • Better explained Catholic Doctrines—held on to the idea that good works, as well as faith, were necessary to get to Heaven. • Stated that the Church alone would decide how the Bible should be interpreted and that the Mass would continue to be said in Latin. • Each diocese was to build a seminary, or a school to train priests.

16. Section 4: A Middle Way-The Reformation in England and the Break with Rome • England was a Catholic country; Reformation of the Church in England started as a political fight between King Henry VIII and Pope Clement VII. • Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain) • Catherine had only one living child, Mary. As she got older, Henry feared that she would not be able to produce a male heir and wanted to divorce her. • Henry was also in love with Anne Boleyn, a woman in his court, and wanted to marry her. • Pope refused to grant Henry a divorce. • Henry declared that the Pope no longer had control of the Church in England. He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church • In 1534, Parliament passed a law which made the King of England the supreme head of the Church of England.

17. Henry VIII and His “Numerous Wives” • Henry married Anne Boleyn and she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. • Eventually, Henry and Anne began to have problems. She was accused of treason and beheaded. • Henry married Jane Seymour, who gave birth to a son, Edward. Jane died just days after her son was born. • Henry went on to marry Anne of Cleaves (divorced), Catherine Howard (beheaded), and Catherine Parr, to whom he was still married upon his death.

18. King Edward VI and Mary • Following Henry’s death, his 9 year old son became king. • Since Edward was very young and sick, a council of advisers actually ruled England. • The advisers were Protestants who tried to bring Protestant doctrines into the Church of England. • Edward died at 15 or 16. • The council of advisers tried to bring a Protestant noblewoman to the throne. • Lady Jane Grey was 16 years old and served as Queen of England for 9 days. Following this she was imprisoned and beheaded under the new queen, Mary Tudor.

19. Queen Mary • The English people refused to accept a monarch who was not a Tudor. • Succession passed to Mary, Henry’s oldest daughter. • Mary was a Catholic and immediately accepted the Pope as the head of the English church. • She demanded that all of her subjects return to Catholicism—many Protestants refused. • Mary had more than 300 Protestants burned at the stake for heresy—earning her the nickname “Bloody Mary” • Mary was married to Phillip II of Spain. The English people were afraid that Phillip and the Pope would become the real rulers of England. • They decided that the only way for England to be free was for it to be a Protestant country.

20. Queen Elizabeth I and Her Church • Mary died without a child to succeed her, so the succession passed to her younger sister, Elizabeth, a Protestant. • With Parliament’s help she ended the Pope’s authority in England. • England again became a Protestant country. • The Church of England remained a combination of Protestant beliefs and Catholic rituals. • Elizabeth was a VERY popular queen and England grew and flourished under her rule. • She never married for fear that it would compromise the strength of the monarchy. • Those who did not like England’s Church wanted to purify it of Catholic ways, they became known as Puritan’s. (Sound Familiar?)

21. Section 5: Wars of Religion • By mid 1500’s, Most Northern Europeans were Protestant, and most Southern Europeans were Catholic. • This led to bitterness and unrest between European countries • 1588: Defeat of the Spanish Armada • Under Elizabeth I, England became the most powerful Protestant nation in Europe. • Spain was the most powerful Catholic country, under the reign of Elizabeth’s brother-in-law, Phillip II • Phillip built an armada, or a large group of ships; made of huge ships called galleons, or heavy ships with square-rigged sails and long raised decks. • Phillip II wanted to conquer the English and make England a Catholic country. His 130 galleons were to support the crossing of Spain’s army to England.

22. Elizabeth knew the Spanish were coming and had a naval commander, John Hawkins, reorganize the fleet. • He formed a new navy of 134 fighting ships and merchant vessels. They were smaller than Spain’s, but had bigger guns and more ammunition. • Skilled naval captains and experienced crews were able to defeat half the Spanish fleet. • Sir Francis Drake, known for his overseas voyages and capture of Spanish merchant ships was involved in this battle. He was often referred to as a “sea dog” by the Spanish. • The English defeated the Spanish Armada, burning half their ships and sending them home. A bad storm on the return trip all but destroyed the armada and ended Spain’s plans of conquest. (Ask me about Drake and Elizabeth.)

23. The Huguenots (French Calvinists) and France • Francis I-Catholic • Catherine d ’Medici (favored Catholics, allowed persecution of Protestants) • Ruled for her minor son, Charles IX • St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Huguenots • Henry of Navarre, (Henry IV), a Huguenot prince • Edict of Nantes (toleration); Catholic country, but freedom of worship. • First European country to have freedom of religion.

24. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

25. The Low Countries • Part of the Spanish Empire. • Divided into northern Protestants and southern Catholics. • Neither group liked Phillip II, his high taxes, or his Spanish laws. • Phillip wanted all subjects to be Catholic; set up Inquisition to persecute Protestantism. Northern provinces revolted. • Spanish soldiers and French Catholics from southern provinces fought northern areas until 1648. • Peace restored when southern provinces became Catholic, now known as Belgium; northern provinces stayed Protestant, now knows as the Netherlands.

26. Section 6: The Thirty Years’ War • Fought between the Catholic and Protestant states in Germany. Initially a religious war. • Then Denmark and Sweden (both Protestant countries) got involved • Finally France, a Catholic country, entered the war on the Protestant side. • The Germans lost and France emerged as an extremely powerful nation. • By the end of the war, it was fought more to gain territory and power than for religion. • After this war, Europeans stopped fighting over religion and looked to overseas exploration and trade as a way to gain power

28. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

29. Europe after the Reformation