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Corporation

Advantages Limited liability Unlimited life Separation of ownership and management Transfer of ownership is easy Easier to raise capital. Disadvantages Separation of ownership and management

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Corporation

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  1. Advantages Limited liability Unlimited life Separation of ownership and management Transfer of ownership is easy Easier to raise capital Disadvantages Separation of ownership and management Double taxation (income is taxed at the corporate rate and then dividends are taxed at the personal rate) Corporation LO2 A business created as a distinct legal entity owned by one or more individuals or entities.

  2. Financial Management Decisions LO1 • Capital budgeting • What long-term investments or projects should the business take on? • Capital structure • How should we pay for our assets? • Should we use debt or equity? • Working capital management • How do we manage the day-to-day finances of the firm?

  3. Corporation’s Financial Situation

  4. Financial Manager LO1 • Financial managers try to answer some or all of these questions • The top financial manager within a firm is usually the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) • Treasurer – oversees cash management, capital expenditures and financial planning • Controller – oversees taxes, cost accounting, financial accounting and data processing

  5. Cash Flows to and from the Firm LO5

  6. Chapter 4 Long-term Financial Planning and Corporate Growth

  7. Chapter 4 Outline • What is financial planning • Financial planning models • The percentage of sales approach • External financing and growth • Caveats in financial planning

  8. What is Financial Planning? • Financial planning formulates the way financial goals are to be achieved • Financial plan – a statement of what is to be done in the future • What is the goal of financial management?

  9. Short vs. Long-term Financial Planning • Short-term planning – analysis of decisions that affect current assets and current liabilities: • Cash and liquidity management • Credit and inventory management • Long-term planning – focuses on the “big picture”: • Capital budgeting • Dividend policy • Financial structure

  10. Dimensions of Financial Planning • Financial horizon – the long-range time period the financial planning process focuses on, usually the next 2-5 years • Aggregation – process by which smaller investment proposals of each of a firm’s operational units are added up and treated as one big unit • Alternative set of assumptions about important variables (scenario analysis)

  11. Aims of Financial Planning (1) • Examining interactions – make explicit the linkages between investment proposals for the different operating activities of the firm and financing choices available to the firm • Exploring options – develop, analyze and compare many different scenarios in a consistent way • Avoiding surprises – identify what may happen to the firm if different events take place

  12. Aims of Financial Planning (2) • Ensuring feasibility and internal consistency – are the company’s goals compatible? • Communication with investors and lenders

  13. Financial Planning Model: Elements (1) • Sales forecast – given as a growth rate in sales • Pro forma statements – a financial plan has a forecasted balance sheet, an income statement, and a statement of cash flows • Asset requirements – firms’ total capital budget consists of changes in total fixed assets and net working capital

  14. Financial Planning Model: Elements (2) • Financial requirements – how to raise the capital; dividend policy and debt policy • Cash surplus or shortfall (“plug”) – the designated source of external financing needed to deal with any shortfall in financing and to bring the balance sheet into balance • Economic assumptions – level of interest rates, the firm’s tax rate and sales forecast

  15. Simple Financial Planning Model • All variables are tied to sales and this relationship is optimal • The growth in assets requires the management to decide how to finance the growth (debt vs. equity) • Dividend policy • Financing policy

  16. Simple Financial Planning Model: example (1)

  17. (2) If sales increase by 20% - income statement

  18. (3)If sales increase by 20% - balance sheet

  19. (3)If sales increase by 20% - balance sheet

  20. The Percentage of Sales Approach • A financial planning method in which accounts are projected depending on a firm’s predicted sales level • Not all of the items vary directly with sales

  21. Percentage of sales approach: • example (1)

  22. (2) Dividend payout ratio = Cash dividends/Net income = $ 44/$132 *100= 331/3% Retention ratio (plowback ratio) = Retained earnings/Net income = $88/$132*100 = 662/3% or retention ratio = 1- dividend payout ratio = 1-0.333 = 0.667

  23. (3) Projected addition to retained earnings = 165*0.667 Projected dividends paid to shareholders =165*0.333 Net income =165

  24. (4)

  25. (5)

  26. External Financing External financing needed (EFN) = the amount of financing required to balance both sides of the balance sheet For Rosengarten Corporation: Assets-(Liability + Equity) = $3,750 – $3,185 = $565 In order to have a 25% increase in sales the corporation has to raise $565 in new financing Possible sources of financing : - short-term borrowing - long-term borrowing - new equity

  27. Capital Intensity Ratio • A firm’s total assets divided by its sales • The amount of assets needed to generate $1 sales

  28. EFN and Capacity Usage • Suppose Rosengarten is operating at 80% capacity: 1. What would be sales at full capacity? 2. What is the capital intensity ratio at full capacity? 3. What is EFN?

  29. Answers: (homework) Conclusion: excess capacity reduces the need for external financing and capital intensity ratio

  30. operating at 80% capacity:

  31. Forecasted sales growth 25% • Full capacity=1000/.8=1250 (no need for new FA)

  32. operating at 80% capacity:

  33. Forecasted sales growth 50% • Full capacity=1000/.8=1250 (1500-1250=$250 sales should be produced on new FA)

  34. EFN and Growth • Increase in total assets is financed internally and externally • Increase in total assets = assets (A) × sales growth (g) • Internal financing = Addition to retained earnings = Projected net income × retention ratio (R) = Profit margin (p) × projected sales[S×(1+g)] × retention ratio or or EFN = A×g – p×S×R×(1+g) Internal growth rate = ROA×R/(1-ROA×R)

  35. Financial Policy and Growth • A firm may not wish to sell any new equity • If a firm borrows to its debt capacity sustainable growth rate can be achieved Debt capacity = the ability to borrow to increase firm value g* = ROE×R/(1-ROE×R)

  36. Internal vs. Sustainable Growth Rates • Internal growth rate – the maximum growth rate a firm can maintain with only internal financing • Sustainable growth rate – the maximum growth rate a firm can achieve with no external equity financing

  37. From intro finance course…Using Du Pont Analysis

  38. Determinants of Growth g* = [p (S/A) (1+D/E)×R]/[1-p(S/A)(1+D/E)×R] • Profit margin • Dividend policy • Financial policy • Total asset turnover

  39. Caveats of Financial Planning Models • Rely on accounting relationships • Need to be modified over time • Objectivity of financial plans

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