Frank Visco - Biology

1. 1 Frank Visco - Biology Email: OCCBiology@aol.com (preferred over phone messages) Phone: 714-432-0202 ext. 22740 Office hours: by appointment only Web site: http://occonline.occ.cccd.edu/online/fvisco or through OCC web site – www.occ.cccd.edu Includes all images used in lecture ~ PowerPoint (PPT) Version ~ & pdf. Version (no movement) Includes all reviews for exams Copy this page

2. Attendance really does count for borderline grades This signifies item important for test purposes 2

3. 2b

4. 3 In this section (biology): Characteristics of Life Cell Theory Chemistry of Life Midterm 3 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points) Cell structure and function DNA structure and function Viruses Biotechnology Bioenergetics Midterm 4 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points) Cell Division Gametogenesis Mendelian Genetics Evolution Origin of Life Kingdoms of Life Ecological Concepts and concerns (tested on course Final) Midterm 5 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points - including Final)

5. Life – A complex physical state and complex series of chemical reactions with these characteristics • Acquisition and use of energy • Reproduction • Growth and development • Response to stimuli • Adapt to changing environment • Highly organized • homeostasis

6. Morphogenesis of the caterpillar into a pupa and then into the butterfly is an example of growth and development. • Acquisition and use of energy • Reproduction • Growth and development • Ability to respond to stimuli • Adapt to changing environment • High degree of organization • homeostasis Caterpillar Pupa • Acquisition and use of energy • Reproduction • Growth and development • Ability to respond to stimuli • Adapt to changing environment • High degree of organization • homeostasis Butterfly 5

7. Stem cells - building blocks of all tissues Brain Stem cell can become any of 220 cell types Lung Heart Liver Kidney 8

8. Acquisition and use of energy • Reproduction • Growth and development • Ability to respond to stimuli • Adapt to changing environment • High degree of organization • homeostasis Brain Neurons can be derived from human embryonic stem cells. Embryonic Stem Cells are an example of growth and development 7

9. 8 Cell Theory - 4 components: 1. Cell is smallest unit of life 2. All cells derived from previously existing cells 3. All cells show basic similarities in their chemical make-up and metabolic activities 4. An organism (like a rabbit) is sum of all of the individual cells composing organism

10. 1. Red Blood cells are an example of the smallest unit of life 9

11. 2. All cells are derived from previously existing cells – that is cells do not arise spontaneously from non-cells, instead cells come only from other cells by cell division. No 10

12. 11 Experiments to create life (cells) from non-life have not been successful

13. 3. All cells have same basic chemical structure and chemical reactions. Blue Print #1 Blue Print #2 12

14. Human DNA Human DNA make human products Nutrients same for all life Dog DNA make dog products Dog DNA 13

15. Blueprint Nutrients or Raw Materials Blueprint 14

16. 15 4. Activity of an organism (such as a human) is the sum of each cell’s individual activities

17. Why is chemistry so important to LIFE? Brain activity Smell, taste Cell structure and function photosynthesis The human body has thousands of chemical reactions making thousands of chemical products Heartbeat Sperm and egg Cell movements 16

18. Some chemicals of LIFE 17 Oxygen carrying Photosynthesis Humans make about 35,000 different chemical products water Insects make about 10,000 chemical products Bacteria make about 1000 chemical products Energy Viruses make about 10 chemical products neurotransmitters

19. Matter and energy – compose everything in NATURE Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass (weight) Energy – capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force 18

20. Solid (Ice) Gas (Fog) Three states of matter (for water) Liquid 19

21. Chemical Elements are pure forms of matter Examples include: Elemental mercury Elemental iron Elemental silver Elemental gold Elemental bromine 20

22. 21 Periodic Table of Elements; Includes all natural elements and experimentally made elements.

23. Everything in nature is made of the elements on the periodic table. 22

24. 23 Hydrogen (H) is simplest element The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements

25. Each element is composed of specific atoms: Atoms are usually composed of 3 subcomponents: Protons – positive (+) charge (red) Electrons – negative (-) charge Neutrons – no charge or neutral (+/-) charge(white) 24

26. Hydrogen Atom + Nucleus of Atom has only 1 proton (+) Electron shell (or energy level) has only 1 electron (-) 25

27. 0.00000000005 meters = distance between the nucleus (+) and the electron orbital (-) or 5/10,000,000,000 of a meter or 5 ten billionths of a meter 26

28. 27 Helium Atom Two electrons (-) are in an shell around the nucleus; nucleus has two protons (+) and two neutrons (+/-)

29. 28

30. 29 1 There are three forms of Hydrogen. - one proton, one electron - one proton, one electron, one neutron - one proton, one electron, two neutrons Isotopes - alternate forms of same element; different numbers of neutrons. Protium Deuterium Tritium

31. 30 Radioactive isotope greater number of neutrons than protons Protium Deuterium Tritium Radioactive Tritium is unstable and becomes more stable by giving off energy or radiation = radioactivity

32. From water and soil under houses Produces alpha radiation May cause up to 50% lung cancer if inhaled 31

33. 32 1 Radon radiation tracks in lung tissue Cells hit by tracks can become cancer cells

34. 33 1 Nuclear Weapons August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki 100,000 tons of chemical explosive, such as dynamite 5 kilograms (11 pounds) of weapons grade plutonium (or uranium) =

35. Atomic Weight vs. Atomic Number Atomic Weight of an Atom = number of protons and neutrons Atomic Numberof an Atom = number of protons 34

36. Hydrogen (Protium) Atomic number = 1 Atomic weight = 1 Deuterium Atomic number = 1 Atomic weight = 2 35

37. Carbon Atom Atomic number = 6 (protons) Atomic weight = 12 (6 protons and 6 neutrons) 36 1

38. 8 Atomic number = ?? Atomic weight = ?? 16 Protons neutrons electrons + (8) (8) (8) 37

39. A human body contains 6.27 x 1027 atoms, or 6,270,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms Hydrogen atoms = 4.22 x 1027 Oxygen atoms = 1.61 x 1027 Carbon atoms = 8.03 x 1026 38

40. Calculation of the total number of each atom found in the human body See page 1-7B Oxygen 1.61 x 1027 atoms Gold 2 x 1019 atoms 39

41. Holds 2 electrons Has 2 Has 1 Has 4 Holds 8 electrons Has 8 Has 1 Has 8 Holds 8 electrons 40

42. Hydrogen has room for 2 electrons in the first shell, but only has 1 electron. H C Carbon has 2 electrons in the first shell and only 4 electrons in the second shell, but Carbon can hold 8 electrons in the second shell, so Carbon can pick up 4 more electrons in the second shell. 41

43. 4 hydrogen (H) share their electrons with the 4 electrons in the outer shell of one Carbon (C) Sharing of electrons is called a covalent bond H H C H H CH4 = molecule 42

44. Each H atom shares an electron with the other H 43 1 Chemical bond Covalent bond –sharing electrons

45. 44 1 O needs 8 electrons Covalent bond – sharing electrons Each H needs 2 electrons

46. Holds 2 electrons Has 2 Has 1 Has 4 Holds 8 electrons Has 8 Has 1 Has 8 Holds 8 electrons 45

47. Polar molecule (+) and (-) Non polar molecule (+) or (-) (-) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) 46

48. Hydrogen Bond = slight attraction of positive end of one water molecule to slight negative end of another water molecule. Hydrogen bond 47

49. 48 1 Hydrogen bonds at surface of water create “surface tension.” Water strider (insect) can literally walk on water because the tension on the surface of water is firm

50. Molecules inside a water drop are attracted in all directions. Drops on the surface are attracted to the sides and inward. Water drop Leaf Surface 49