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Chapter 11 Diet and Health

Chapter 11 Diet and Health. Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney. Learning Objectives. Describe relationships between immunity and nutrition, and explain how malnutrition and infection worsen each other.

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Chapter 11 Diet and Health

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  1. Chapter 11Diet and Health Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe relationships between immunity and nutrition, and explain how malnutrition and infection worsen each other. • Compare and contrast the progression and the symptoms of heart disease in men and women. • Describe what dietary and genetic factors may affect CVD risks and why higher LDL levels are a health concern.

  3. Learning Objectives • Develop a general eating plan for a person with prehypertension. • Speculate about possible mechanisms by which a diet high in red meat might increase the risk of breast cancer or colorectal cancer.

  4. Learning Objectives • Develop a healthy eating plan that reduces the intake of trans fat and saturated fat but maintains sufficient intakes of essential nutrients. • Describe some recent advances in nutritional genomics with regard to the health of the body through life.

  5. Introduction • Two types of diseases • Infectious and chronic • Nutrients and our body’s defenses • Hoaxes • Leading causes of death • Chronic diseases • Mixture of factors

  6. The Ten Leading Causes of Death in the United States

  7. Nutrition and Immunity • Well-nourished immune system • Provides protection • Susceptible groups • PEM • Malnutrition

  8. Effects of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) on the Body’s Defense Systems

  9. The Concept of Risk Factors • Risk factors • Suspected contributors • Show correlation with the disease • Disease risk factors • Genetic • Environmental • Behavioral • Social • Dietary contributions to disease

  10. Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases

  11. Interrelationships Among Chronic Diseases

  12. The Concept of Risk Factors • Estimating your risk • Search family’s medical history • Laboratory tests

  13. Cardiovascular Diseases • Disease of heart and blood vessels • Symptoms of heart attack and stroke • Minimizing risks • Heart is one of the least regenerative organs • Heart disease • Men vs. women

  14. U.S. Heart Disease Death Rates

  15. Atherosclerosis • Hardening of the arteries • Everyone has signs • How advanced is the disease • Plaque formation • Damaging factors to vessel linings • Inflammation • Macrophages • Mineralization

  16. The Formation of Plaques in Atherosclerosis

  17. Atherosclerosis • Plaque rupture • Blood clots • Abnormal blood clotting • Omega-3 fatty acids • Blood pressure

  18. Risk Factors for CVD • Age, gender, and genetic inheritance • Nonmodifiable • High LDL and low HDL cholesterol • Higher the LDL the greater the risk • Most atherogenic lipoproteins • Higher HDL reduces risk • LDL oxidation

  19. LDL, HDL, and Risk of Heart Disease

  20. Adults Standards for Blood Lipids, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood Pressure

  21. Risk Factors for CVD • Hypertension and atherosclerosis • Both worsen CVD • Worsen each other • Diabetes • Physical inactivity • Benefits of activity for heart health • Smoking

  22. Risk Factors for CVD • Atherogenic diet • DASH eating plan • Obesity & metabolic syndrome • Cluster of risk factors • Inflammation • Increased risk of thrombosis • Other risk factors

  23. Recommendations for Reducing CVD Risk • Lifestyle changes • Increase physical activity • Lose weight • Implement dietary changes • Reduce exposure to tobacco smoke

  24. Recommendations for Reducing CVD Risk • Diet to reduce CVD risk • Reduce fat intake • Saturated and trans fats • Limit refined starches and added sugars • Eat fruits, vegetables, and whole grains • Diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids • Other dietary factors

  25. Nutrition and Hypertension • One of most prevalent forms of CVD • No symptoms you can feel • Two numbers • Systolic pressure • Diastolic pressure • Prehypertension • Blood pressure checks at regular intervals

  26. Nutrition and Hypertension • Blood pressure • Cardiac output • Factors causing an increase • Peripheral resistance • Factors causing an increase • Risk factors • Salt intake • Alcohol

  27. The Blood Pressure

  28. Nutrition and Hypertension • DASH diet • Health benefits beyond blood pressure • Weight control • Physical activity • Alteration of hormones • Salt or sodium • Alcohol • Minerals and vitamin C

  29. Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Blood Pressure

  30. Complementary and Alternative Medicine • Complementary vs. alternative • Integrative medicine • National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) • http://nccam.nih.gov/ • Accupuncture • Herbal medicines

  31. Selected Herbs: Claims, Evidence, and Risks

  32. Selected Herbs: Claims, Evidence, and Risks

  33. Nutrition and Cancer • Prevention of cancer • Risk factors • Lifestyle factors • Environmental exposures • Diet • Dietary components • Relation to cancer

  34. How Does Cancer Develop? • Cancer arises in the genes • DNA is damaged by carcinogen • Cellular repair or self-destruction • Cell loses ability to self-destruct • Replicates uncontrollably • Mass of abnormal tissue • Cancer prevention through tumor development

  35. Cancer Development

  36. Which Diet Factors Affect Cancer Risk? • Energy intake • Reduced caloric intakes • Cancer prevention only • Obesity • Depends on site of cancer & other factors • Physical activity • Alcohol • Fat and fatty acids

  37. Which Diet Factors Affect Cancer Risk? • Red meats and processed meats • Cooking • Smoking • Fiber-rich foods • Folate and antioxidant vitamins • Calcium and vitamin D • Iron • Food phytochemicals

  38. The DASH Diet: Preventive Medicine • Emphasized foods • Make only a few dietary changes at a time • Start with fruits & vegetables

  39. Nutritional Genomics: Can It Deliver on Its Promises? Controversy 11

  40. Nutritional Genomics Research • Genome • Genetic profile • DNA microarray technology • DNA mutations • SNPs • Variation of a nucleotide

  41. Epigenetics • Epigenome • Proteins and other molecules that regulate expression of genes • Turning genes “on” and “off” • Inherited or altered • Regulation • Histones • Methyl groups

  42. Two Epigenetic Factors and Gene Activity

  43. Bioactive Food Components and Gene Expression

  44. Epigenetics • Future generation effects • Embryonic development • Modifying your epigenome • Health implications • Bioactive constituents in whole foods

  45. Genetic Testing • Arguments • Merits • Demerits • Nutritional genomics fraud

  46. Genetic Testing: Pros and Cons

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