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Understanding Macromolecules for a Healthy Lifestyle

Explore the Big Four macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids - and their roles in nutrition and energy production. Learn about their structures, functions, and sources to make informed dietary choices.

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Understanding Macromolecules for a Healthy Lifestyle

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  1. "THE BIG 4" MACROMOLECULES Slides used and modified from: gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/cooper/THE%20BIG%204%20JOURNAL%20PACKET.doc

  2. What is a MACROMOLECULE

  3. What do these words mean? Micro MACRO

  4. So What Is A Macromolecule? You should be able to define it on your own !

  5. The Big Four

  6. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

  7. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: FAT • 1____________________ • 2____________________ • 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) Carbohydrates (13 grams in this product) Protein (9 grams in this product)

  8. What is the fourth type of biochemical macromolecule?

  9. The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids • DNA (DeoxyriboNucleicAcid) • RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

  10. DNA “DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid • Now you know why they just call it DNA!

  11. When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out….. • what they do for living things. • what they generally look like. • and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

  12. Keep the following in mind when studying this material: Nucleic Acids What they look like Carbohydrates What they do/Where are they Lipids What are they made up of- at the level of atoms Proteins

  13. LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES WHAT DO THEY DO? • They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! • They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

  14. CARBOHYDRATES WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? • In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies) • --------------------------------------------------- • In animal products- in MILK

  15. CARBOHYDRATES TYPES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Simple Complex

  16. COOKIES and CANDY Simple Sugars CAKES FRUITS

  17. Complex Carbohydrates WHOLE GRAINS FIBER STARCHES BREADS PASTAS VEGETABLES

  18. CARBOHYDRATES AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

  19. NOW ONTO PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO? • They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin. • They make up antibodies in the immune system • They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions • They makeup non-steroid hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steroid hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

  20. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

  21. Well, maybe not exactly…

  22. Hair, Skin, and Nails

  23. Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

  24. PROTEINS WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? • In plant foods • In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

  25. Proteins

  26. Proteins Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

  27. PROTEINS MADE UP OF... All proteins are made of … AMINO ACIDS

  28. PROTEINS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each protein is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur THINK: “CHONS”

  29. LIPIDS ARE NEXT WHAT DO THEY DO? • They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. • They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. • They produce hormones for the body called STEROIDS • They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

  30. LIPIPS…Some interesting info Waterproofing... • Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out. • The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves. • Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage. • Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

  31. LIPIPS…Some interesting info Steriods... There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are: SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS CHOLESTEROL They increase muscle Like testosterone and estrogen

  32. LIPIPS…Some interesting info NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD. Some anabolic steroids are illegal Steriods... And can be dangerous and very unhealthy

  33. Very Common Effects of Illegal Steroids

  34. LIPIDS WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? • In plants- in the seeds • --------------------------------------------------- • In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animals • --------------------------------------------------- • Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

  35. LIPIDS OILS BUTTER MARGARINE

  36. LIPIDS MADE OF... TRIGLYCERIDES Fats are triglycerides that are solid at room temperature. Oils are liquid at room temperature.

  37. LIPIDS AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “CHO”

  38. OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs? You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. “CHO” A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms. EX: C6H12O6 (This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O) On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms. EX: C27H46O cholesterol

  39. FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS

  40. NUCLEIC ACIDS TYPES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA

  41. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO • DNA • Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. • Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. • RNA • Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

  42. NUCLEIC ACIDS WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? • In plants- inside the nucleus of the cells • --------------------------------------------------- • In animals- inside the nucleus of each cell • ---------------------------------------------------

  43. NUCLEIC ACIDS

  44. NUCLEIC ACIDS MADE UP OF... Nucleic acids are made up of Nucleotide Chains Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

  45. The shape of a nucleic acid is: DNA is a double helix RNA is a single strand

  46. Nucleic Acids AT THE ATOM LEVEL Each nucleic acid is made up of… Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen THINK: “PONCH”

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