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FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES Carlos Sousa AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada

FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES Carlos Sousa AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada. SUMMARY. Workings of a Fuel Cell Production, transport and storage of Hydrogen Some proposal from the manufacturers. WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL. Exhaust. WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL. Main characteristics

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FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES Carlos Sousa AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada

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  1. FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLESCarlos SousaAGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada

  2. SUMMARY • Workings of a Fuel Cell • Production, transport and storage of Hydrogen • Some proposal from the manufacturers

  3. WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL

  4. Exhaust WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL

  5. Main characteristics • Each cell: 0.5 – 1 V • Intensity: 0.3 – 1 A cm2 • Power: 0.3 – 0.5 W/cm2 WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL

  6. Ballard 900 107 CV 72 kg 34 x 24 x 75 cm Volume 61 L 1,3 kW / L WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL Example: 2 x 100 cells ( 40 cm x 40 cm)  2 x (100 x 0.7) x (40 x 40 x 0.375) = 2 x (70 V x 640 A) = 84 kW (114 CV)

  7.   15 to 35%   30 to +50% WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL

  8. Fuel Cell for a passengers bus,MAN

  9. CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE • Cost: • 400 €/kW (7 x price of a conventional engine) • Complete Cell: € 20 000,00 (engine € 3 000,00) • Reliability • Response to transient regimens • Problems with low temperatures (below 0 ºC) • H2 contamination • Vehicle Adaptation • Needs Hydrogen (production, transport and storage)!!

  10. PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGEOF H2 • 1. “Industrial” Production • electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Oil refinery? • Renewable sources • Distribution network? (does not exist!) • Cost, Investments • Safety and social acceptance

  11. PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGEOF H2 • 2. Decentralized Production (at the filling station) • From what? (electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Other) • Cost of the equipment • Safety and social acceptance

  12. PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2 • Regardless of the place of production (filling station or industrial plant) • Filling system • Security • Filling time

  13. PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H2 • Storage on board… • Compressed gas @ 300 bar? (very low density) • Liquid at –253 ºC? (high evaporation, low density) • Solid matrix? (weight/volume ratio)

  14. PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGEOF H2 • 3. Onboard production with a reformer • From natural gas, methanol, ethanol? • Petrol? • Problems • System efficiency • Cost • Technology • Emissions – Does not solve the “Carbon Problem”

  15. Necar 1 (1994) Necar 2 (1996) Necar 3 (1997; CH3OH) Necar 4 (1999) Necar 5 e Jeep Commander (2000; CH3OH)

  16. Opel Hydrogen 1 • Liquid H2 (75 Litres; 5 kg H2) • Stack with 200 cells (59/27/50 cm) - 150 – 200 V; 90 kW/ 122 CV - 68 kg • Auxiliary Batery Weight: 1575 kg 0-100 km/h – 16 s Max. Speed: 140 km/h Range: 400 km

  17. DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS - CUTE • Clean Urban Transport for Europe, CUTE • Demonstration project to test and evaluate the operational performance of Hydrogen buses for public transport • 10 European cities (Barcelona, Madrid, London, Hamburg, Luxemburg, Estocolmo, Amsterdam, Stutgart, Stockholm, Porto) • 3 Daimler-Chrysler buses per city • Different methods for Hydrogen production(Renewables - hydropower, natural gas, refinery) • Evaluation of costs, infrastructure, life cycle,emissions, etc.

  18. Thank you for your attention!

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