Human Evolution / Hominid Powerpoint

1. Hominid: A primate of a family (Hominidae) that includes humans and their fossil ancestors.

5. Sehlanthropus Tchadensis ● 7 million years ago ● Brain size: 350 cc ● foramen magnum slightly more forward than a chimpanzee's

6. Sehlanthropus Tchadensis

7. Orrorin Tugenensis ● 6 million years ago ● Smaller Canine Teeth ● No skull found yet ● Leg bones indicate it was bipedal

8. Ardipithecus Kadabba ● 5.6 million years ago ● Leg bones indicate it was bipedal ● Canine teeth smaller

9. Ardipithecus Ramidus ● 4.4 million years ago ● Brain size 350 cc

10. ● Walked bipedally but hunched over ● Pelvis more like a human's than a chimpanzee's ● Hands more like a human's than a chimpanzee's ● Foramen magnum almost directly below the skull

12. Australopithecus Anamensis ● 4.1 million years ago ● Smaller canine teeth

13. Australopithecus Bahrelghazali ● 3.5 million years ago ● reduced prognathism

14. Australopithecus Afarensis (“Lucy”) ● 3.2 million years ago ● Brain size 438 cc ● Fully Human-like teeth ● Foreman magnum directly below the skull ● almost fully Human-like pelvis ● Walked bipedally upright ● Human-like hands

15. Australopithecus Afarensis (“Lucy”)

16. Australopithecus Afarensis ● Shin bone found first, rest of the body 1 mile away (the shin was probably from a separate individual) ● Eight more individuals found since then, including an adult male and two children

17. Afarensis Male Afarensis Female

18. Australopithecus Afarensis Child

20. Kenyanthropus Platyops ● 3.2 million years ago ● Same brain size as Lucy

21. Kenyanthropus Platyops

22. Australopithecus Africanus ● 2.5 million years ago ● Brain size: 452 cc ● Human-like Pelvis

23. Australopithecus Africanus

24. Australopithecus Africanus

25. Australopithecus Garhi ● 2.5 million years ago ● Brain size 450 cc

26. The Paranthropus Genus ● Sagittal Crest for attaching jaw muscle ● Large molar teeth for grinding up stems and roots

27. Other mammals have sagittal crests to increase bite strength

29. Paranthropus Aethiopicus ● 2.5 million years ago ● Brain size 410 cc

30. Paranthropus Aethiopicus

31. Paranthropus Robustus ● 1.5 million years ago ● Brain size 530 cc

32. Paranthropus Boisei ● 1.2 million years ago ● Brain size 550 cc

33. Paranthropus Boisei

35. Paranthropus Boisei teeth and modern Homo Sapien teeth

36. 2 million years ago:

37. Homo Habilis “Handy Man” ● 2 million years ago ● Brain size 600 cc ● Larger brain than other hominids at the time ● First tool maker ● Human-like hands, pelvis, and teeth

38. Homo Habilis

39. Homo Habilis' tools

40. Australopithecus Sediba ● 2 million years ago ● Brain size 420 cc

41. Sediba hand comparison

42. Australopithecus Sediba pelvis

43. Sediba compared to Lucy

44. Homo Rudolfensis ● 1.9 million years ago ● Brain size 526 cc

45. Homo Rudolfensis

46. Homo Ergaster ● 1.8 million years ago ● Brain size 900 cc ● Large increase in brain size after Habilis ● Large Prefrontal Cortex

47. Homo Ergaster - “Turkana Boy”

48. Homo Ergaster

49. Homo Gautengensis ● 1.8 million years ago ● Extinct 1 million years ago ● Short stature: 3' 6”

50. Homo Erectus Georgicus ● 1.7 million years ago ● Brain size 600 cc ● Lived in Europe ● Similar to Homo Erectus and Homo Ergaster