U.S. Programs & Policy

1. U.S. Programs & Policy Robert CraneSenior AdvisorNational Coordination OfficeUnited States of America 1st GNSS Vulnerabilities and Solutions ConferenceBaska, Krk Island, Croatia 8 September, 2008

2. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)New applications introduced every day • Wireless/mobile applications • Child/pet tracking • LE/Suspect tracking • Spacecraft control • Power grid management • Precision construction • Automatic snowplow guidance Approx. GPS coordinates: N25.123528,E55.122700

3. Space-Based Solutions for Disaster Management & Emergency Response …weather info …plume modeling …incident reports …video/cam feeds FEMA: Tracking logistics assets and commodity shipments

4. GNSS & Augmentations Critical Component of the Global Infrastructure

5. Homeland Security Factors • U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2003) • Homeland Security Presidential Directive -- 7: Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection (2003) • National Infrastructure Protection Plan (2006) • 17 Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources • +1 Critical Manufacturing (2008) • U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Policy (2004) • Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan (2007)

6. GNSS – A Global UtilityEssential Component of Multiple Critical Infrastructures • Which critical infrastructure & industry sectors use GNSS signals and technology. • For what purposes • To what degree • dependencies, interdependencies, and cascading effects • common vulnerabilities and threat scenarios • cross-sector measures to reduce or manage risk • research & development needs • Use is critical to safety-of-life and safe operations

7. Assessing Risk Can Lead to Continuous Improvements to Enhance Protection Risk = function (Threat, Vulnerability, Consequence) Risk: Expected magnitude of loss due to an attack, natural disaster, or other incident, along with the likelihood of such an event occurring and causing that loss.

8. Threats • Interference • Unintentional: Ionospheric, Radio Frequency; Solar Flares • Intentional: jamming, spoofing, meaconing • GPS Jammers a significant concern; localized, but expected to grow • Physical Threats: Satellites and Control Segments Threat: measure of the likelihood that a specific type of attack will be initiated against a specific target.

9. Vulnerabilities • Future: Increase in use by critical infrastructure • Power companies: Time and Frequency (T/F) • Transportation: computer-based controls of aircraft, trains, vehicles • Tracking: GIS, Logistics/Supply Chain Management, Mapping • Remote transactions: banking/finance (wireless), time stamp/authentication • Telecommunications: timing, navigation services • GPS-reliant components in cell phones, personal electronics, networked computers systems Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.

10. Vulnerabilities(continued) • U.S. has conducted several studies • Use of GNSS applications in public and private sector wide-spread …and growing • Primary uses are safety-of-life (loss of navigation & control systems) and T/F applications • T/F is economic and new vulnerabilities evolve over time • Coordinated effort between GNSS operators and private sector Vulnerability: measure of the likelihood that various types of safeguards against threat scenarios will fail.

11. Consequences • Unintentional interference (detection, location, mitigation) • Jamming reduces capability, but not destructive across infrastructure (temporary) • Spoofing, includes meaconing, more concern (rare) • Resource implications for solving problems Consequence: magnitude of the negative effects if the system is damaged, destroyed, or disrupted by an attack, natural disaster, or other incident.

12. Protective MeasuresDeter Threats – Mitigate Vulnerabilities – Minimize Consequences • Mitigation and Use of Backup Systems • Near equal capability: • Positioning/Navigation: VOR/DME, TACAN, ILS • Timing: Internet Time Service, Network Time Protocol, atomic clocks, computer • Temporary fix (resourcefulness, ingenuity) • Work-around (manual) • T/F users have more options for back-ups • Protection of the RNSS spectrum; international cooperation • Integrate into exercises and training • Require jam-resistance and/or consider anti-jam solutions for future satellite vehicles • Reporting/Coordinating: • U.S. Air Force, GPS Operations Center (constellation) • Federal Aviation Administration, National Operations Center (aviation) • U.S. Coast Guard, Navigation Center (civil interface) • Federal Communications Commission (enforcement) Protective actions: steps to mitigate the overall risk to the system or its interconnecting links.

13. A Culture of Resiliency* • Robustness: ability to keep operating or stay standing • Design systems strong enough to take a punch • Devise substitutable or redundant systems • Invest to withstand low-probability, but high-consequence scenarios • Resourcefulness: skillfully managing event once it unfolds • Identify and prioritize options; control impacts; communicate decisions • Depends on people, not technology • Pre-plan resources for planners and responders • Rapid Recovery: capacity to get things back to normal soonest • Contingency plans prepared and tested • Competent response operations • Put right people and resources to the right place (at the right time) • New Lessons: document/draw from the experience • People must be willing to make pragmatic changes • Improve robustness/resourcefulness/recovery capabilities *From an essay by Stephen E. Flynn, Council on Foreign Affairs, found at ForeignAffairs.org (March/April 2008) Resiliency: capacity of a system to maintain function during or to recover from an incident (NIPP).

14. Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan • Directed by U.S. Policy (2004). • Developed by DHS; approved by President (2007) • Establishes foundation for planning and actions • Promotes coordination, cooperation and information exchange • Oversight by a DHS executive committee and work group • Main planning in U.S., but acknowledges international dependencies and potential for service disruptions, whether intentional or unintentional • More information at pnt.gov

15. GPS Improvements • Launched 3 modernized satellites in past 12 months • Largest GPS constellation size ever • Retiring old satellites improves overall GPS accuracy • New, modernized master control station • Improved operational flexibility and responsiveness • Added backup control station • Expanded GPS ground network to triple amount of monitor data sent to control station • 10 — 15% improvement in accuracy of GPS data broadcast • Additional Civil Signals: Second (L2C), Third (L5), Fourth (L1)

16. GPS III Update • Contract for GPS III-A satellites awarded in May • Contracts for Next-Generation Operational Control Segment (OCX), awarded in November, 2007 • Future increments of GPS III will incorporate additional capabilities to address vulnerabilities, e.g. higher power, anti-jam features

17. U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GNSS Technology • No direct user fees for civil GPS services • Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis • Open, public signal structures for all civil services • Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing, applications development, and value - added services • Encourages open, market - driven competition • Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS • Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide • Protection of RNSS spectrum

18. Keys to Global Success of GNSS • Cooperation, interoperability and compatibility is a priority • Bilateral: Europe, Japan, Russia, India, Australia • Multilateral: ICAO, IMO, NATO, International Committee on GNSS • Protection of RNSS Spectrum • Program stability and performance • Augmentations enable even higher performance • New civil signal available now • Many additional upgrades scheduled • Encourage worldwide use of civil GNSS and augmentations • Policy stability and transparency • Commercial entrepreneurship and investment • GNSS: essential component of multiple global critical infrastructure sectors • Address vulnerabilities and improve protective capabilities, performance and resistance to interference

19. For Additional Information… GPS.gov PNT.gov

20. Robert Crane Senior Advisor Robert.Crane@pnt.gov 6822 Herbert C. Hoover Building 1401 Constitution Ave, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20230United States of America Tel: +1 (202) 482-5809Email: PNT.Office@PNT.gov