Biology 206

1. Biology 206 Jeff Young Janice Lapsansky

2. Jeff's Page Lab Page

3. Grading Grades will be assigned on the basis of your performance on frequent quizzes and two exams in each of the two portions of the course (animal biology and plant biology), and your laboratory work, as follows: Lecture exams and quizzes will consist of a mixture of multiple true/false and short essay questions, • you write the essay questions (start thinking about questions now). • quizzes may be taken with a partner.

4. Weeks ~1-5 (JY) Lecture notes and reading assignments are subject to change. The assigned reading is considered the minimum required. Students should plan on using the Glossary and the Index in Freeman. Students are further encouraged to consult other sources when assigned material is not clear.

5. Broad Course Goals • Integrate knowledge gained in Biology 204 and 205, • Ecology, Evolution and Diversity (204), • Cell Biology (205). • Understand how organisms are organized at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, whole organism, and mutualistic levels, • Literate in the field (writing, listening, speaking) • Study skills, • Laboratory skills, • Other?

6. Jeff Young, Botanistyoung@biol.wwu.edux3638Office: BI412 Office Hours MWF:1-2 am …by appointment. Arabidopsis thaliana Genome-based study of plant physiology and environmental responses.

7. Success is Easy…if you work hard. • Do the reading assignments before class, • know the vocabulary, • don’t neglect the figures, • Attend lectures, • Listen to the lectures, look at the examples, think. • Know the material, • it’s easier to just learn it, than it is to try to guess or divine your instructors intentions.

8. Growth & Development Transport Assimilation Reproduction Morphology Responses to the Environment Overview Water Solutes Carbohydrates Gas Exchange Photosynthesis Mineral Nutrition Sexual Asexual

9. To Know "blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, red as a beet, hot as a hare, dry as a bone, the bowel and bladder lose their tone, and the heart runs alone." tropane alkaloid • Dicotyledonous Datura stramonium Jimson Weed • Venation • Plant Secondary Metabolite

10. saturation poison threshold Dose Response Curves Dose (Datura) Hallucinations Etc. dead Think about this.

11. The Plant Body One that plants thorns must never expect to gather roses. - English Proverb

12. Today • What are the major organ systems that make up the plant body? • what are the major functions of these organs? • What are the three major tissues that make up plant organs? • what cell types comprise these tissues? • what are some functions of these cells?

13. Dicot Monocot The Plant Family Angiosperms flowering plants 99.5% of extant species 80% of living plants Cotyledons (embyonic leaves)

14. Dicots / Monocots Study this figure and pay attention in lab and lecture.

15. Floral Leaf Stem Root Organ Systems Organs: a specialized center of body function composed of several types of tissues (an integrated group of cells with common structure and function).

16. Organ SystemsMajor Functions Leaves Stem Root • Photosynthesis; • - synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, • Synthesis and storage and other materials.

17. atmospheric oxygen Photosynthesis • We can describe photosynthesis with this reaction: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

18. Fixed Carbonprimary metabolism

19. Fixed Carbonprimary metabolites • Grains: i.e. wheat, barley, corn, and rice, • Starches: tubers and roots such as potatoes and poi, and stems such as in yams, • In other species the carbohydrate is converted to fats; • Oils: soybean, corn, peanut, palm, coconut, sunflower, olive, safflower, and many others. • Fruits: grapes, figs, olives, dates, apples, mulberries, bananas, oranges, mangoes, etc. • Sugar: is stored in stems (sugarcane) or roots (sugar beets), • Proteins: plants convert carbohydrate into nitrogen-containing proteins as well. Plant foods high in protein include beans and many other vegetables, • Fibers: dietary, also, flax, cotton, etc. • we cannot digest fiber, it is nevertheless very useful in our diets…. • Regardless of how we think of plant contributions to our diet, plants are also the foods of animals, which we also consume as food.

20. Fixed Carbonsecondary metabolites

21. Modified Leaves Tendrils Spines Succulent Bracts

22. Floral Organs Organ SystemsMajor Functions Leaf Stem Root • Leaves; • Modified for Reproduction

23. Organ SystemsMajor Functions Floral Organs Leaf Stems Root • Structural Support; • - leaves and flowers, • Transport and Communication; • - between roots and leaves, • Storage; • - carbohydrates and other materials.

24. Structural Support

25. Nutrients Carbohydrates Hormones Small molecules Others... Transport and Communications The tallest living tree today is the Mendocino Tree, a coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) found at Montgomery State Reserve near Ukiah, California, USA. 112 m, 1998. A Eucalyptus regnans at Mt. Baw Baw, Victoria, Australian, was 143 m, 1885. Arabidopsis

26. Modified Stems Stolons Iris Rhizomes Ginger, many grasses, some ferns... Bulbs Onion, Daffodil, Tulip, Lilies... Tubers Rhizomes: potatoes, yams*...

27. Organ SystemsMajor Functions Floral Organs Leaf Stem Roots • Water Uptake, • Mineral Uptake, • Anchorage, • Storage, • Synthesis.

28. Anchorage/Uptake Tap Fibrous • Tap root systems can reach as deep as 50 meters, • - lateral (secondary) roots extend from the tap root. wire grass Aristida purpurea • Tap roots of fibrous-root plants typically perish , • - adventitious roots (extending from the stem) densely fill the surrounding soil, • - root surface area of a 4 month old rye plant was measured as 639 M 2. Blazing Star Liatris punctata

29. See Fig. 36.3

30. Today • What are the major organ systems that make up the plant body? • what are the major functions of these organs? • What are the three major tissues that make up plant organs? • what cell types comprise these tissues? • what are the functions of these cells?

31. In all organs. Plant Tissues Dermal Ground Vascular

32. Epidermal Cells w/ Guard Cell Cotton Trichomes Arabidopsis Stigmatic papillae Salt Bladder Saltbush Remember: Cuticle Plant Tissues Dermal (shoot)

33. Root Hairs Radish Seedling Plant Tissues Dermal (roots)

34. Plant Tissues Vasculature Organization differs in roots vs. stems vs. leaves. Organization differs in dicots vs. monocots, Please study Figs. 36.24, 37.7

35. Anatomy of Seed Plants Esau xylem H2O / nutrients Plant Tissues Vasculature Tracheids Vessel Elements

36. phloem carbohydrates/synthates Plant Tissues Vasculature Companion Cell Sieve Tube Member

37. Leaves: not epidermis, not vasculature. Pith: “inside vascular system” Cortex: “outside vascular system” Plant Tissues Ground

38. General Plant Cells • + unique to plant cells • - Plastids ; • - chloroplasts, • - amyloplasts, • - leucoplasts, • - etc. • - Large Central Vacuole; • - single membrane, • (tonoplast), • Cellulose Based Cell Wall, • Plasmodesmata.

39. Cell Walls

40. Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Schlerenchyma Parenchyma: Typically a not distinctively specialized cell with a nucleate protoplast concerned with one or more of the various physiological and biochemical activities in plants. Thin primary walls. Collenchyma: A supporting tissue composed of more or less elongated living cells with uneven thickened cell walls. Common in regions of growth. Schlerenchyma: Cell variable in form and size and having more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls. Supporting cells that may or may not be devoid of protoplast at maturity. • Study Figs. 36.22, 24, 25 • Pay attention in lab. …from Esau.

41. Plasmodesmata

42. Gap Junction vs. Plasmodesma Gap Junction (animal) protein lined Plasmadesma (plant) membrane lined

43. Apoplast / Symplast Apoplast The cell wall continuum of a plant. “Outside of the symplast.” Symplast The interconnected protoplasts and their plasmodesmata.

44. Today • What are the major organ systems that make up the plant body? • what are the major functions of these organs? • What are the three major tissues that make up plant organs? • which cell types comprise these tissues? • what are the functions of these cells?

45. Friday Intro to Plant Form and Function, • Ch 36: 791 – 800, pp. 470 - 475 • Ch 36: 800 – 807.