1 / 58

Earth Materials Minerals: The Crystalline State

Earth Materials Minerals: The Crystalline State. Minerals and Mineralogy Mineral Chemistry Atomic Structure of Minerals Minerals as indicators of the environment of their formation. amethyst. diamond. quartz. pyrite. asbestos. Plate boundaries and Earthquakes.

ranger
Download Presentation

Earth Materials Minerals: The Crystalline State

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Earth MaterialsMinerals: The Crystalline State • Minerals and Mineralogy • Mineral Chemistry • Atomic Structure of Minerals • Minerals as indicators of the environment of their formation amethyst diamond quartz pyrite asbestos

  2. Plate boundaries and Earthquakes

  3. Supercontinent and Plate Motion Fig. 2.10

  4. Supercontinent and Plate Motion 56 million years ago

  5. Supercontinent and Plate Motion 120 million years ago

  6. Supercontinent and Plate Motion 200 million years ago

  7. Earth MaterialsMinerals: The Crystalline State • Minerals and Mineralogy (p. 67-69) • Mineral Chemistry (p. 69-74) • Atomic Structure of Minerals (p. 74-77) • Minerals as indicators of the environment of their formation (p. 92) amethyst diamond quartz pyrite asbestos

  8. Definition of a Mineral • Naturally formed (inorganic)

  9. Definition of a Mineral • Naturally formed (inorganic) • Solid

  10. Definition of a Mineral • Naturally formed (inorganic) • Solid • Specific chemical composition • What chemical elements are present and in what proportions

  11. Definition of a Mineral • Naturally occurring (inorganic) • Solid • Specific chemical composition • Crystal Structure • Ordered arrangement of atoms

  12. Definition of a Mineral • Naturally occurring (inorganic) • Solid • Specific chemical composition • Crystal Structure Examples: quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), halite (NaCl)

  13. Rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals

  14. Polished section ~1 cm

  15. Thin Section

  16. Thin section under ordinary light Magnetite Feldspar Mica Quartz

  17. Thin section under polarized light

  18. What makes each mineral unique?(p.69) • Composition What chemical elements are present and in what proportions • Quartz SiO2 • Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO3

  19. Halite (NaCl) What makes each mineral unique?(p.69) • Crystal Structure How are the chemical elements packed together

  20. Extremely soft Both minerals are made of carbon (C) Extremely hard

  21. Atomic Arrangement& Physical Properties 3D framework Sheet structure

  22. Elements and atoms • Chemical Elements most fundamental substance separated by chemical means • Atoms smallest particle of matter retains all properties of an element

  23. Structure of an Atom Fig. 3.1

  24. Ions and Compounds ( p. 54-56) • Ion an atom with excess charge cations H+ anions O2- • Chemical Compound electrically neutral comb. of ions water, H2O H+, H+, O2-

  25. Complex ions • Combination of ions with a charge Si4+, O48-  (SiO4)4- Silicate Ion

  26. Transferring Electrons between atoms Ionic Bonding Fig. 3.2

  27. Covalent Bonds in Watersharing electrons between atoms Fig. 3.4

  28. Nature of Bonding and Physical Properties 3D framework Sheet structure Fig. 3.3 and 3.5

  29. The Three States of Matter Solid Gas Liquid Ice in a glacier is a mineral Water in the oceans is not a mineral

  30. The Three States of Water Controlled by temperature and Pressure Box B3.1

  31. low Temp, High Pressure favors solid state General Rule high Temp, low Pressure favors gaseous state In Geology, melting is a changeof state

  32. Crystal Structure of Minerals (p. 74-77) Two factors that control the arrangement of atoms and ions Number of neighboring atoms/ions Size of atom/ion

  33. Galena (PbS) Packing order of atoms

  34. Packing arrangementPolymorphs(p. 79) Diamond Graphite Compounds that occur in more than 1 crystal arrangement

  35. Size of ions of some geologically important ions Size is based on Charge Fig. 3.8

  36. O2- O2- O2- O2- Si4+ Silicate ion(SiO4)4-

  37. Ionic Substitution Olivine

  38. Ionic Substitution Olivine Ions of Similar Size and Charge can substitute for each other For example

  39. Ionic Substitution Olivine Mg22+(SiO4)4-

  40. Ionic Substitution Olivine Fe22+(SiO4)4- Fe2+-->Mg2+ Natural Olivine: (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

  41. Phase diagram Minerals as indicators of their environments of their formation p. 92 Pressure Fig. 3.31

  42. geotherm Fig. 3.31

  43. Diamonds from the Mantle Fig. 3.31

  44. Snowball Fig. B3.1

More Related