Bessemer Steel Process

1. Bessemer • Steel • Process Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) learned metallurgy working in his father's foundry. In 1856, in response to demand for stronger cannon able to fire a new type of artillery shell in the Crimean War, he invented the Bessemer process, enabling molten pig-iron to be turned into steel by a blowing air through it in a tilting converter. This was the first process for producing large amounts of good quality steel cheaply. Previously, steel was available in small quantities produced by either the cementation or crucible processes. Hence engineers were restricted to using wrought iron, which is relatively strong in tension, or cast iron, which is brittle and weak in tension.

2. Mass Marketing

3. ...in 1897, at 6 am, over 100 people crowded onto the first train to travel through a tunnel under downtown Boston. More than 100,000 people would take the three-and-a-half minute trip that day. They were riding on the first subway line in the United States. Park Street station, circa 1900 Boston Subway San Francisco Streetcar From 1888, Oakland Cable Railway Co. Car #6 at San Pablo Avenueand Park Street. Photograph courtesy of Mike Mills.

4. Brothers Charles and Frank Duryea, the nation's first commercial manufacturers of gasoline-powered automobiles, successfully tested their first automobile on the streets of Springfield, Massachusetts, on September 20 1893. In 1900, Charles moved to Reading, Pennsylvania, where he manufactured automobiles for the next fourteen years. The pathbreaking four-horsepower Duryea automobile, which completed its first successful test drive on September 20, 1893. Automobile

5. AIRPLANE WILBUR WRIGHT ORVILLE WRIGHT

6. TELEGRAPH Samuel Morse

7. Telephone

8. TYPEWRITER The Sholes-Glidden was the first commercially successful typewriter. Less than 100 survive out of the 4,000-5,000 produced between 1874 and 1878. The Remington Standard is the direct descendant of the first typewriter built by Sholes and Glidden in 1873. They sold rights to the patent for $12,000. Christopher Latham Sholes’ machine was not the first typewriter. It wasn’t even the first typewriter to receive a patent. But it was the first typewriter to have actual practical value for the individual, so it became the first machine to be mass-produced.

9. Thomas Edison Thomas Edison Phonograph Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work. I have far more respect for the person with a single idea who gets there than for the person with a thousand ideas who does nothing....  Upstairs at Thomas Edison's Menlo Park Laboratory (removed to Greenfield Village)