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What was done in LAC - Biofortification ?

What was done in LAC - Biofortification ?. Salomón Pérez S. Carolina González Washington DC, October 18th-19th, 2012. ww.protocolo.com.mx. HarvestPlus (2004) – AgroSalud (2007) – Biofort ( H+Brazil ).

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What was done in LAC - Biofortification ?

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  1. What was done in LAC - Biofortification? Salomón Pérez S. Carolina González Washington DC, October 18th-19th, 2012 ww.protocolo.com.mx

  2. HarvestPlus (2004) – AgroSalud (2007) – Biofort (H+Brazil) • Ex-ante studies: DALYsestimations, qualitative analysis and consumer acceptance (WTP) • Ex-ante studies: consumer • “Ex – post studies”: adoption and consumer acceptance • Public policies analysis (Nutrition and food security)

  3. Ex – ante studies: DALYs estimation (H+) EX ANTE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF BIOFORTIFIED BEANS AND CASSAVA USING THE DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS (DALYs) FRAMEWORK (Nicaragua, Honduras and NE Brazil) 2004-2005 Sources: LSMS

  4. Outputs

  5. Qualitative studies: Brazil and Mexico FOOD AND HEALTH FOCUS GROUP GUIDE • 1. Food acquisition patterns: home production; own production • 2. What do you eat? • 3. Preferred consumption characteristics of maize and beans • 4. Consumption of infants, children and women • 5. Health, Micronutrients and Communications • Findings of the Qualitative Survey on Maize and Beans in Chiapas, Mexico (2004) • Nancy Johnson, Penny Nestel, Sam Fujisaka, Janet Lauderdale, Carolina González • Resultados del Estudio Cualitativo en Yuca (Mandioca y Macaxeira) y Fríjoles en Paraíba, Brasil (2005) Carolina González, IlmaKruze, Leopoldina Sequeira, ChigeruFukuda, Rejane Olivera and Nancy Johnson

  6. Ex – ante studies: DALYs estimation (Agrosalud 2007) • Most of the Information collected for most of the LAC countries (15 countries). • Lack of key information was the main constrain for DALYs estimation in LAC - Daily dietary intake per person - Update data for micronutrient deficiency - prevalence

  7. Ex – ante studies: DALYs estimation • Iron and Zinc : Nicaragua, Honduras, México, Colombia and Northeast Brazil (updated). • Vitamin A:Colombia, Honduras, México, Haiti and Nicaragua

  8. Outputs • DALYs methodology and case study for Nicaragua published by FAO. S. Pérez. Disability-adjusted Life Years (DALYs): a Methodology for Conducting Economic Studies of Food-based Interventions such as Biofortification. Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies: Food-based Approaches. FAO.2011. • Main results presented at Micronutrient Forum in 2009 (China). Evaluation of the Economic Feasibility (Cost per DALYs saved) of a BiofortificationIntervention in Nicaragua

  9. Ex – ante studies: Consumer (H+) PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENETICALLY MODIFIED A PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA IN BRAZIL (2006-2009) Carolina González, Nancy Johnson and Matin Qaim

  10. Ex – ante studies: Consumer • RESEARCH OBJETIVES AND QUESTIONS • 1. What was the demand for different cassava attributes in Brazil, and what were the values that consumers place on these attributes? • 2. What was the current level of consumer acceptance of second-generation GM foods? • 3. What kinds of tradeoffs did consumers make between GM and other cassava attributes? • 4. What factors affected the attitudes of the stakeholders and policy makers towards second-generation GM foods?

  11. Ex – ante studies: Consumer • SAMPLE AND EMPIRICAL DATA BASE MAP 1. Northeast of Brazil and Pernambuco • Household survey (N=414) Pernambuco (NE Brazil)/2006 • Stakeholder survey (N=98: 20 email; 38 face to face and 40 phone)/2008

  12. Ex – ante studies: Consumer Methodologies Hedonic price (HP) approach Contingent Valuation (CV) Choice Analyses (CA) Multiple corresponcence Analysis (MCA) complemented by a cluster approach

  13. Ex – ante studies: Consumer • Results • Ease of peeling (29%), time of cooking (28%) and texture of cassava (16%) are the most important characteristics consumers consider when purchasing cassava. • Price is in the lowest place of consumer raking (price inelasticity of cassava). • Yellow color cassava preferences : 50% (semiarid) vs. 17% (coastal). • Cassava color, root size, ease of peeling and location of the market are relevant attributes in price determination. I. Table Cassava Consumer Preferences

  14. Ex – ante studies: Consumer II. Consumer Acceptance of second-generation of GMOs Results (a) • 47% of the sample have prior knowledge of Vitamin A (script). • Only 25% of consumers had ever heard about GM crops before(script). • Three-quarters of all respondents in our survey said they would support the introduction of this new technology. • Consumers are willing to pay an average price premium of 64% for GM biofortified cassava (contingent valuation)

  15. Ex – ante studies: Consumer II. Consumer Acceptance of second-generation of GMOs • - The average consumer is willing to pay a (CA): • Large premium of 160% for the vitamin A attribute alone. • Discount is required for the cassava color change from white to yellow (-29%). • Discount results from the fact that the cassava is genetically modified (-61%). • This is an important finding for biofortification programs, having to make a decision between conventional and GM breeding techniques.

  16. Ex – ante studies: Consumer III. Stakeholder position towards GM food in Brazil Results • Three groups main groups of stakeholders: • Positive (local and multinational industries and part of the government) , • Negative (International and national NGOs) • Pragmatic (research sector) . • Most stakeholders are supportive of GMOs, however the introduction of a GM cassava with provitamin A in Brazil could face opposition not only from NGOs but also from the more moderate sectors such as academic.

  17. Ex – ante studies: Consumer (Agrosalud) • Acceptance studies - Nutrition: Nicaragua: POTENTIAL ACCEPTANCE OF QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (NUTRADER, NUTRINTA AMARILLO AND MAZORCA DE ORO) BY FARMER FAMILIES IN NORTHERN NICARAGUA (2011). Perez, Carrillo, Moncada and Pachon. Published in AgronomiaMesoamericana.

  18. Ex – ante studies: Consumer (Agrosalud) • Objective: to estimate the potential acceptance of three quality protein maize cultivars (QPM): Nutrader, Nutrinta Amarillo and Mazorca de Oro, in northern Nicaragua. • Study made into a nutrition study in 2009 • Sample size: 142 farmers (95 of them reported producing maize). • None of the farmer surveyed had heard about the QPM cultivars.

  19. Criteria to define a potential adopter and a non potential adopter of QPM maize.

  20. Ex – ante:(Agrosalud) Results • 45,3% would accept them only if they had greater yield and quality compared with traditional cultivars (potential acceptance) • The other 54,7% will to harvest QPM only if they had a higher price in the market. • The probability of acceptance was higher in farmers with a greater number of children less than five years age or farmers not affiliated with an association or cooperative. • Also, those who consider they need to spend the same or less money to prepare food with quality protein maize, or expects no taste differences between QPM and traditional cultivars. (>probabilities)

  21. “Ex – post studies”:(Agrosalud) • Acceptance studies: El Salvador: “ACCEPTANCE OF MAIZE PLATINO, ORO BLANCO AND PROTEMAS CULTIVARS OF HIGH PROTEINIC QUALITY IN EL SALVADOR, CENTRAL AMERICA” (2010). Deleón, Sangerman, Cuevas & Axayactl Published in AgriculturaTécnica in México.

  22. “Ex – post studies”:(Agrosalud) Objetives • To measure the index of acceptance of maize cultivars Oro Blanco, Platino and Protema. • To identify social, economic, agronomic and technological variables, that could explain the causes of the acceptance or rejection of these cultivars by the farmers.

  23. “Ex – post studies”:(Agrosalud) • The research was conducted in 2008 at the regions I and IV of El Salvador. • A survey was applied to 133 maize producers that were included in the 2006-2007 program to promote high productivity of basic grains and pastures.

  24. Acceptanceindex (AI) • Developed by PASOLAC in 1999 (methodology) • AI= (% farmers adopting the technology) (% area were the technology is applied) /100 • AI= farmers planting QPM 2008 x QPM area 2008 farmers planting QPM 2007 QPM area 2007 • The technology has good acceptance if the number of farmers adopting it is higher than 50% and the AI is higher than 25. Acceptance of maize Platino, Oro Blanco and Protemascultivars of highproteinicquality in El Salvador

  25. Main results Acceptance of maize Platino, Oro Blanco and Protemascultivars of highproteinicquality in El Salvador

  26. “Ex – post studies”:(Agrosalud) Results • 60% of the producers were willing to cultivate the materials under study during the next agricultural cycle, in 96% of the areas seeded with QPM maize in 2006-2007. • Cultivar Oro Blanco turned out to have major acceptance, with an index of acceptance of 82.5%, Protemas reached an index of 69.6% and Platino 53.7%. Acceptance of maize Platino, Oro Blanco and Protemascultivars of highproteinicquality in El Salvador

  27. “Ex – post studies”:(H+(Br) and Agrosalud) Brazil: “ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION STRATEGIES IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL FOR NEW CASSAVA VARIETIES WITH IMPROVED NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ” (2011) Gonzalez, Perez, Cardoso, Andrade and Johnson. Published in Experimental Agriculture

  28. Mapa da Paraíba Source: www.brazilsite.com.br “Ex – post studies”:(H+,Embrapa, Agrosalud) To evaluate the results of these two diffusion strategies using in the NE of Brazil: • A participatory research approach with farmers • Public awareness raising activities such as an official launch event and Embrapa’s webpage

  29. “Ex – post studies”:(H+,Embrapa, Agrosalud) a) Farmers participating in the participatory research aproach(n=359) 108 in Bahia 69 in Ceará 52 in Maranha 130 in Pernambuco b) Farmers demanding seed by telephone or email (n=40)

  30. Improved yellow varieties vs conventional

  31. Improved yellow varieties vs conventional

  32. Results for ‘Multiple Correspondence Analysis’ (MCA) Group B Results: Group 2 Group A Group C

  33. “Ex – post studies”:(H+,Embrapa, Agrosalud) Group A (n=6 ) This group was composed mostly of producers who did not answer the questions, did not receive the seeds from Embrapa or did not plant the improved fortified yellow cassava varieties. R Group B (n=17 ) producers who received, planted, intend to plant again and, furthermore, redistributed the seed of the improved yellow cassava varieties. Most of those within this group perceived the characteristics of these two new varieties to be better than those of conventional ones. For Group B, improved yellow varieties were seen to be more productive than conventional varieties R Grupo C (n=15 ) This group comprises producers who were unlikely to plant the improved yellow varieties again, who considered that the qualities of the new and conventional varieties of cassava to be the same or who were unable to distinguish which of the new and conventional was the more productive cassava variety R

  34. “Ex – post studies”:(H+,Embrapa, Agrosalud) Results • First strategy, the factors found to enhance adoption rates were: awareness of the new varieties’ advantages, public entities as the main information sources and involvement in participatory research. • Second strategy, trends were found between adoption rates and producer characteristics including: ownership of land, middle-level income, advanced education level and use of information media, namely the Internet. • In both strategies, a lack of seeds was one of the main factors limiting the adoption process

  35. Public policies analysis • Perú, 2011 (Salomón Pérez) Colombia, 2009 (Salomon Perez)

  36. Other studies (suspended) - Agrosalud • Cuba: Acceptance analysis of black bean cultivar with higher iron content Cubana 23 in Cuba. Sample size 100. • Bolivia. Acceptance analysis of rice cultivars with higher content of iron and zinc, Azucena y Saavedra 27 in Bolivia. Sample size 195. • Policy in Nicaragua and Bolivia

  37. Other Activities • PARTNERSHIPS: Embrapa (Sergipe and Cruz das Almas) • Trainings • Conference proceedings (China, Brazil, Germany) • Workshop – Cuba: DALY’s Methodology + case of study

  38. Main constraints in AgroSalud I • Limited budged ( US$ 50,000 for three years) • Limited time: most of the cultivars were released at the end of the project. • 30% SalomónPérez time during the first year and 50% second year. • No records about seeds distribution • NAR´s instability • Lack of information (cultivars to be released, where, when, etc)

  39. Crops released in AgroSalud

  40. Ex – ante studies: DALYs estimation • Micronutrient levels used for DALYs estimation:

  41. To be continue….

  42. ThankYou! Obrigada! Muchas gracias!

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