Pedagogies for Teaching Reading and Writing Traditional Progressivist Postmodern Progressive

1. Pedagogies for Teaching Reading and Writing • Traditional • Progressivist • Postmodern Progressive • Neo-conservative • all contribute to today’s pedagogy

2. Pedagogical Spaces 1: Traditional • Petrus Ramus • Classical canon of literature • Great Men of History • Christianity • Knowledge in books • .

3. Pedagogical Spaces 1: Traditional The Enlightenment Renee Descartes

4. Pedagogical Spaces 1: Traditional • Institutionalised • Mass schooling • Rigid systems

5. Pedagogical Spaces 1: Traditional Pedagogy as Ideology ‘Literacy learning was…used as an instrument to inculcate ‘puncutality, respect, discipline, subordination…a medium for tutelage in values and morality’ Graff, 1987:p.262 cited in Katzinger and Cross

6. Pedagogical Spaces 1: Traditional The ‘iron cages’ of rationalisation Max Weber (1846-1920)

7. Testing John Holt – ‘most children fail’

8. Pedagogical Space 2: Progressivist John Dewey Maria Montessori movement, change and progress

9. Pedagogical Space 2: Progressivist John Dewey 1900 ‘To imposition from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individuality; to external discipline is opposed free activity; to learning from teachers, learning through experience; to acquisition of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct appeal; to preparation for a more or less remote future is opposed to making the most of the opportunities of present life; to static aims and materials is opposed acquaintance with a changing world’ cited in Katzinger and Cross, 1993: pp45-6

10. Pedagogical Space 2: Progressivist John Dewey ‘Textbooks and lectures give the result of other men’s discoveries, and thus seem to provide a short cut to knowledge; but the outcome is just a meaningless reflecting back of symbols with no understanding of the facts themselves’ Dewey and Dewey 1915 cited in Cross and Katzinger, 1993: p.46

11. Pedagogical Space 2: Progressivist • progress not in a textbook • active relationship with the world • creativity at the heart of society

12. Your experiences of child-centred education

13. Pedagogical Space 2: Progressivist • Progressive Pedagogy • The idea of progress • Standard English was to be the conclusion • Correct acquisition served an industrial purpose

14. Pedagogical Space 2: Progressivist Literacy in Progressivist Pedagogy John Dewey ‘having something to say rather than having to say something’ Dewey 1900 cited in Cross and Katzinger, 1993:p.47

15. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism • difference • discontinuity • cultural fragmentation • linguistic fragmentation • ‘the postmodernists pronounce the end of history; the decadence of grand metanarratives…the demise of progress’ • Cross and Katzinger, 1993: p.48

16. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Post-modernism Lyotard - an incredulity towards metanarratives

17. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Richard Hoggart The Uses of Literacy “an all-pervading culture”

18. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Fixed gender roles wife - corner shop, clothes line, husband - work, pub Superstition - touch wood, black cats Shared working-class life in the 1930s Food - chops, chips Attitude - family, neighbour Language - mam, our Alice Richard Hoggart - The Uses of Literacy

19. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Church God creates world People go bad Jesus dies to save people from Hell metanarratives Repent and go to Heaven Life is a trial

20. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Science By understanding the world we will control it We exist to make the world better metanarratives 2 The universe was made by a Big Bang People keep improving life People evolved from apes

21. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Some people have special skills Authority metanarratives 3 These people should use them to serve society Life is about knowing your place in society and serving where you can We must respect those who serve for our good

22. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism • High Windows • When I see a couple of kidsAnd guess he's fucking her and she'sTaking pills or wearing a diaphragm,I know this is paradiseEveryone old has dreamed of all their lives--Bonds and gestures pushed to one sideLike an outdated combine harvester,And everyone young going down the long slideTo happiness, endlessly. I wonder ifAnyone looked at me, forty years back,And thought, That'll be the life;No God any more, or sweating in the darkAbout hell and that, or having to hideWhat you think of the priest. HeAnd his lot will all go down the long slideLike free bloody birds. And immediatelyRather than words comes the thought of high windows:The sun-comprehending glass,And beyond it, the deep blue air, that showsNothing, and is nowhere, and is endless.

24. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism The death of God

26. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Postmodernism = Post-structuralism no privileged discourses books television music food drink

27. Pedagogical Space 3: The Progressivist Pedagogy of Postmodernism Literacy in Progressivists Pedagogy of Postmodernism • humans are active meaning makers • no universal meaning - polysemic • no privileged discourses • the death of the author (Eco) • a curriculum relevant to experience • power to marginalised discourses e.g. Creole Language is ‘a system of signs structured in the infinite play of difference’ Aronwitz and Giroux, 1991: p.13 cited in Cross and Katzinger, 1993: p.50

28. Neoliberalism and Neo-conservatism

29. Neoliberalism 1970s • financial and oil crises bring social unrest • crisis of the welfare state 1980s • Rise of new socio-economic and political doctrines – Chicago school of Economics, Milton Friedman – Centre for Policy Studies, Friedrich Hayek – Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan 1990s • Demise of contrasting ideologies – Fall of the Berlin Wall – Dissolution of the Soviet Union

30. The 1980s • Key ideas • Culture • Thatcherism (UK) Reagan (US) • Lifestyles • Hedonism • Display • Individualism • extravagance

31. Music

32. Fashion

33. Leisure

34. Dance

35. Films

36. TV

37. Hair

38. Greed is Good

39. Hedonism ‘modern hedonism is characterized by a longing to experience in reality those pleasures created or enjoyed in the imagination, a longing which results in the ceaseless consumption of novelty’ Celia Lury Consumer Culture. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997: 73 Lead us into temptation

40. Work ‘People now work...not just to stay alive, but in order to be able to afford to buy consumer products. The goods which are advertised serve as goals and rewards for working... consumption has taken off into an almost ethereal, or hyper-real, symbolic level so that it is the idea of purchasing as much as the act of purchasing which operates as a motivation for many in doing paid work’ Robert Bocock, Consumption. London: Routledge1995: 50