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World war II

World war II. FROM ISOLATIONISM TO GLOBAL WAR. The League and the U.S. Wilson – FDR = Relative isolationism Rejection of LON, tariff hikes, Red Scare, immigration restriction Global business growing US investments + loans = foreign purchase of US goods ‘22- unofficial observers to LON

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World war II

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  1. World war II FROM ISOLATIONISM TO GLOBAL WAR

  2. The League and the U.S. • Wilson – FDR = Relative isolationism • Rejection of LON, tariff hikes, Red Scare, immigration restriction • Global business growing • US investments + loans = foreign purchase of US goods • ‘22- unofficial observers to LON • ‘24 – joint efforts • Pacific interests

  3. The War Debt Issue • $$  war effort, postwar reconstruction • Should it be paid back? • Loan $ spent on US military supplies  US prosperity • Effort of Allied troops prior to US arrival • GB/Fr still owed $ from Rev. • US tariffs high  Euro goods $$$$$$ • War debt tied to reparation payments

  4. Attempt @ Disarmament • Arms limitations = peace • Washington Naval Conference, ’21- ‘34 • Positives vs. Problems • Japanese-American Relations • Encroachments in China, Pacific • Kellogg-Briand Pact, ‘28 • Purpose? • “We can outlaw this war system just as we outlawed slavery and the saloon.” American Committee for the Outlawry of War • Pact of Paris = no war as nat’l policy (62) • * is self-defense • US ability to preserve MD, self-defense

  5. “Good Neighbor” Policy • Making waves • ‘21- Harding OKs $25 m. to Columbia (PC) • ‘24- US out of DR • US – Mexico • Nicaragua issue • ‘25 out, ‘27 in (vs. rebel Cesar Augusto Sandino) – ‘33 • Oil issue • Pan-American Conference- ’28 • Coolidge & Hughes • Nicaragua, Haiti • Hoover’s Latin American tour • Clark Memorandum- ‘28/’30

  6. Under FDR • ‘33 = 7th Pan-American Conference • “no nation has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another.” • Removal of marines • ‘34 = treaty w/ Cuba that ended Platt Amendment

  7. WAR CLOUDS GATHER

  8. Japan Advances • Mukden incident, ’31 •  occupation of Manchuria  puppet empire, Manchuko • VIOLATION! • Nine-Power Treaty, K-B Pact, LON • No help for China • Stimson Doctrine, ’32 • Shanghai bombing • Withdrawal from LON, ’33 • Response to condemnation of actions • Rise of Japanese militarists

  9. Fascism: 1919-1945 • Extreme “right wing” conservatism • Rebuilding of nation; commitment of people to unite (nationalism); totalitarian/single-party • Austria, Hungary, Romania, Spain, ITALY & GERMANY • Focus on: intense nationalism, action over reflection, discipline, physical superiority, indoctrination, charismatic leaders • Hitler, Mussolini, Franco

  10. Goal? • overthrow existing governments • Obsessed w/: • decline in values, humiliation, “victimhood” (R. Paxton) • Wrong: feminism, individualism, liberalism, democracy (parliamentary), communism • People identify w/ culture, not class • Power of state vs. power of worker (ex: strikes) • Power to majority? Quantity vs. Quality; bickering parties • Right: traditional values, purity of nation, ACTION (political violence, war)

  11. Italian Fascism • Social tensions, depression • Black Shirts- organized by Mussolini as private army; use violence to achieve political goals • 1922- into power • Supported by industrial leaders (fear of comm., need social order) • Known as fascism • Built strong, powerful state • No room for opposition, economic control, invasion of Ethiopia (1935),women=baby factories

  12. German Nazism • German form of fascism- more extreme • Nazi= National Socialist Worker’s Party of Germany; led by Adolf Hitler • Socialist= economy serve the state, not indiv. • Not a form of socialism

  13. Gain power during 20s-30s • Weimar Republic – in place to sign Treaty, no success in rebuilding economy (inflation, depression, unemployment), no decisive government action • Nazi’s spread idea that Germany betrayed by disloyal citizens (vs. losing the war); attack supporters of Weimar gov. in 1920s, Jews, Communists, Socialists • Able to win support of middle class, landowners, public • Celebrate German/Aryan race, culture, ancestry

  14. Growing Power • 1928- Nazi’s= 2.6% of vote; 1938- 37% • Hitler placed as Chancellor of Germany in 1933 • Rid country of all other parties, arrested opponents, press censorship, police power • Under leadership, Germany pulled out of depression • Brought in idea of ACTION, return to traditional values • Hitler as Fuhrer • Rule over Germany by force (absence of reason)

  15. Jews blamed for problems of Germany • Launch racial revolution • Nuremburg Laws (1935)- no land ownership, no racial mixing, wearing of Star of David (marker) • Nov. 9, 1938- Kristallnachtoccurs- nationwide destruction & looting of property, business from Jews

  16. Mein Kampf (My Struggle) • Hitler laid out Nazi beliefs and the Nazi plan of action. Nazism was the German brand of fascism & was based on extreme nationalism. • 1. Unite all German-speaking people into a great German empire. • 2. Enforce racial purification at home. Germans formed a master race (especially blonde-haired, blue-eyed Aryans) that was destined to rule the world. All others (Jews, Slavs, nonwhites) were only fit to serve Aryans. • 3. National expansion to gain more living space (so Germany could thrive). This should be accomplished by any means necessary.

  17. The Rise of Fascism- Italy & Germany • ‘22- Mussolini • Fascist Party • Restoration of order, nat’l pride • ‘24- “Il Duce” • ‘33- Hitler • National Socialist German Workers’ Party • Struggling Weimar + subservient Reichstag = dictatorship • ’34- “Fuhrer” •  police state, rearmament, persecution

  18. The Mood in America • Increased isolationism • SOS Cordell Hull • Free trade = peace • Effort to build foreign markets • ‘34- Trade Agreements Act • Reciprocal lowering of tariffs • 14, ‘35 • 29, ‘45 • Diplomatic recognition of Soviet Union, ‘33 • US + USSR vs. Japan • No Commie propaganda in the US • Religious freedom to Americans • Unpaid czarist debts to US?

  19. Expanding Axis

  20. Degrees of Neutrality • Deeper isolationism for US • Senator Gerald Nye investigation, ’34 – ’37 • “merchants of death” • Nonintervention  localized fighting • ’36 – ’39- Spanish Civil War • Neutrality Laws • ’35- no sale of munitions/arms to nations at war, passenger travel • Trade material not covered • ’36- + no loans to nations at war • ’37- also applies to Civil War • ‘37- restraint on arms sales, loans, travel, no arming merchant ships, CASH-AND-CARRY on trade materials

  21. Quarantine Speech • Oct. ‘37 • Int’l “quarantine of aggressor nations” vs. non-intervention • Look to positive endeavors vs. aggressors, economic barriers • Japan, Italy, Germany • Reaction? Protest by anti-interventionists, FDR cools • http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3310

  22. Challenges to Neutrality • July ‘37- Japan v. China (Marco Polo bridge, Peking) • No declaration of war  munitions trade w/ China via GB • Dec. ‘37- Japanese attack US gunboat Panay & oil tankers • Public opinion of Japan  • Isolationism still high • Ludlow Amendment = attempt to have public referendum for declaration of war. . . FAILS • ‘39 – Hitler viewed as int’l gangster • Sept. = declaration of neutrality (Poland) • “even a neutral has a right to take account of the facts.”

  23. Neutrality Act of 1939 • Amendments = CASH AND CARRY for any/all supplies • War zone designated • Oops!  unrestricted sub warfare, blockade • “What the American people want is to be as un-neutral as possible without getting into war.” -Nation

  24. From sitzkrieg to blitzkrieg

  25. The Storm in Europe: 1940

  26. Growing Involvement • “We shall go on to the end. . . We shall never surrender.” –Winston Churchill (1940) • World crisis • Luftwaffe vs. GB • FDR shifts focus • Post-WWI army reduced to 175k • By ‘40  $17 b. for defense (50k planes, military buildup) • BUT- demand from GB for supplies high • National Defense Research Committee • June, ‘40 • Military research, atomic bomb (Einstein) • SOW- Henry Stimson ® • SON- Frank Knox ®

  27. A New State of Affairs • Summer, ‘40 = Battle of Britain • RAF + radar vs. Luftwaffe + U-boats •  US transfer of “overaged” ships to GB • GET lease of bases in Caribbean • A NEED to defend hemisphere • Sept. 16- FIRST peacetime conscription • 16 m. men, 21-35 • Debate: internationalists v. isolationists • What role does the threat on GB play in US nat’l security? • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (Coast, South) • America First Committee

  28. FDR’S THIRD TERM 1940-1944

  29. Quadrennial Campaign • R = Wendell Willkie (IN): “We want Willkie!” • Former Dem., FDR supporter • Supported aid to Allies (vs. isolationism) • D = FDR • Impact of war in Europe • Party unity? Foreign policy bring back Southern Dems • FDR busy during campaign- defense & diplomacy • Pan-American mutual defense, visits to defense facilities, destroyer-bases deal • Willkie attack New Deal, focus on gov. programs  attack on FDR foreign policy • “If you re-elect him you m ay expect war in April, 1941.” • “I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.”

  30. Results-FDR enters 3rd term • EC: 449 – 82 • Popular: 27 m. – 22 m.

  31. The Great “Arsenal of Democracy” • Active, though non-belligerent • Four Freedoms Speech, Jan. ’41 • Move from isolationism • Speech, worship, from want, from fear • Move to give aid ($) to GB • No direct aid! • Does history repeat itself? Johnson Act (‘34) • Lend-Lease Program • Isolationists view- the road to war • Supporters see risk • Benefits China, GB

  32. "In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world. That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.“ —Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941 http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/audio/pres_roosevelts_address.wav

  33. 1943- Norman Rockwell posters

  34. War Rages • Late‘40- Italy launches attack on Greece and Egypt • Spring ’41- Germans under Rommel aid Italians • GB forced back into Egypt • April ‘41- Germans overwhelm Yugo., Greece, Crete, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria • June ‘41- German attack on Soviet Union • GB & US offer aid (Lend-Lease) • Threat ofwolfpacks •  US Navy patrol N. Atlantic, April ‘41

  35. The Atlantic Charter • Statement of int’l principles • Self-determination • Economic cooperation • Freedom of the seas • New system of collective security • = joint aims of ANTI-AXIS powers • GB & US • SU • Attacks on US ships- fall ‘41 • “shoot on sight” • Convoy of GB merchant ships • Neutrality Act amended- ARM merchant ships! • = undeclared naval war

  36. The storm in the pacific Japanese Aggression Leads to War

  37. The Pacific in 1940 • Goal of Japan = “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” • Oil, rubber, etc. in SE Asia • US = 80% fuel • Summer ‘40- airfields built in Fr. Indochina, rail line to S. China destroyed • No supplies to China • Export Control Act- July, ‘40 = restriction of arms, material to Japan • Embargo on gas, iron

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