Chapter 22 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

1. Chapter 22 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Section 1: Freedom Now! Section 2: Voting Rights Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Section 4: The Movement Continues

2. Section 1: Freedom Now! Objectives: • How was nonviolence used in the civil rights movement, and how effective was it? • How did protests in Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham, Alabama, differ? • Why did supporters push for a civil rights bill, and what led to its passage?

3. Section 1: Freedom Now! Nonviolence in the civil rights movement • Sit-ins led to desegregation of lunch counters and restaurants. • March through Birmingham led to increased public support for civil rights. • Freedom Rides led the Interstate Commerce Commission to strengthen regulations. • Montgomery Bus Boycott led to desegregation of buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

4. Section 1: Freedom Now! Albany, Georgia • Protesters were arrested in large masses, but there was no violence. • Martin Luther King, Jr. was quietly let go before he could gain attention. • The protest was not a success.

5. Birmingham, Alabama • Police responded with violence, which caused people to support the protesters. • The protest was a success.

6. Section 1: Freedom Now! A civil rights bill • Supporters believed that legislation enforced by the federal government was necessary to give Americans equal rights. • Successful passage was aided by the Birmingham protest, the March on Washington, and the support of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.

7. Section 2: Voting Rights Objectives: • Why did early efforts to register voters in Mississippi fail? • Why did the Freedom Summer project meet with limited success? • How did the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party affect relations between the civil rights activists and the federal government? • How did the Selma protest lead to the passage of the Voting Rights Act?

8. Section 2: Voting Rights Reasons for early failures • murder of Herbert Lee • violence against African Americans • violence against SNCC volunteers • arrest of student demonstrators • arson at SNCC office

9. Section 2: Voting Rights Freedom Summer project • murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner • fear of violence against African Americans

10. Section 2: Voting Rights Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party • created when Mississippi’s Democratic convention rejected all African American candidates • wanted to be recognized as the legitimate Mississippi delegation at Democratic National Convention • offered 2 seats as tokens • led to belief that the Democratic Party could not be trusted

11. Section 2: Voting Rights Selma protest and the Voting Rights Act • Many Americans outraged by Selma police attacks on marchers. • Thousands traveled to Montgomery to show support for marchers. • President Johnson, shocked by the attacks, asked Congress to pass a voting rights bill.

12. Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Objectives: • What role did Malcolm X play in the civil rights movement during the early 1960s? • Why did nonviolent protest and the goal of racial integration lose support? • How did northern racial discrimination and urban riots change the civil rights movement?

13. Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Malcolm X • leading minister of Nation of Islam • championed African American separatism • called for freedom “by any means necessary” • rejected beliefs in violence and separatism when converted to orthodox Islam • assassinated by Black Muslims in 1965

14. Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Loss of support for nonviolence and integration • Those who had endured violence were frustrated with nonviolence. • Activists were angry that deaths of white civil rights workers generated more concern than deaths of African Americans. • Some believed that white students were taking over the movement.

15. Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Effects of northern racial discrimination and urban riots • Race riots decreased white support for movement. • Economic power became emphasized. • King came to believe that the Vietnam War diverted spending from social programs. • King planned to lead a Poor People’s Campaign.

16. Section 4: The Movement Continues Objectives: • What problems did many leading African American organizations encounter in the early 1970s? • How did the Supreme Court limit busing and affirmative action programs? • What gains did African Americans make during the early 1970s?

17. Section 4: The Movement Continues Problems facing African American organizations • loss of support as a result of economic focus • failure of Resurrection City project • decrease in financial support • FBI investigations • internal conflicts • imprisonment or death of many leaders

18. Section 4: The Movement Continues Supreme Court limits • In Milliken v. Bradley, the Court struck down a lower court’s order to merge city and suburban school districts in Detroit. • In University of California v. Bakke, the Court ruled that affirmative action plans using quota systems are unconstitutional.

19. Section 4: The Movement Continues Gains of African Americans in the 1970s • first African American mayor of Cleveland • more than 4,500 African Americans in office by end of decade • increase in African American business • increase in African American enrollment in colleges and universities • narrowing of income gap between whites and African Americans • formation of strong alliances and lobbies