Chapter 18 The Civil Rights Movement

1. 1945-1975 Chapter 18The Civil Rights Movement

2. Section 1 Early Demands for Equality • Segregation Divides America • De jure segregation- imposed by law (Jim Crow Laws) • Plessy v. Ferguson- “Separate but Equal” 1896 • De facto segregation- unwritten custom or tradition (housing, jobs, etc.)

3. 1944 Gunnar Myrdal An American Dilemma • Jackie Robinson became a Brooklyn Dodger • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) use nonviolent methods to gain civil right • Violence erupts in the south • President Truman • Committee on Civil Rights • Tried to make anti-lynching laws and federal protection of voting rights but failed • Desegregated the military

4. NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Color People- organization founded to abolish segregation and discrimination (1909) • Thurgood Marshall- African American lawyer and later first African American to serve on the Supreme Court • Sweatt v. Painter- lack of equality in “Separate but Equal” • McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents- An equal education was more than just admitting an African American into the university

5. Brown v. Board of Education • Topeka, Kansas • "segregation of children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the children” • Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson • Hernandez v. Texas- ended the exclusion of Mexican Americans from trail juries

6. Reactions to Brown v. Board of Education • Brown II- called for fast implementation • The Southern Manifesto- misinterpreted the Constitution • Ku Klux Klan revival • White Citizens Councils

7. Little Rock 9 • 9 African American students chosen based on grades to enter Central High School • Gov. OrvalFaubus ordered National Guard to not allow students inside • President Eisenhower sent troops to escort students the following day • Civil Rights Act of 1957- gave Civil Rights Commission power to investigate civil rights violations

8. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks refused to get up out of her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger • Parks was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance

9. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Montgomery bus boycott- 40,000 African American’s walked or car pooled boycotting the buses for more than a year • 1956 the Supreme Court declared segregated buses unconstitutional • Martin Luther King, Jr.- urged non-violence • Southern Christian Leadership Conference- nonviolent resistance in the struggle for civil rights

10. Section 2 The Movement Gains Ground • Student Activists • Sit-in’s • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- movement that involved all classes of African Americans

11. Boynton v. Virginia (1960)- segregation on interestate buses and in waiting rooms was illegal • “Freedom Ride”- members of CORE rode on 2 buses from Washington D.C. to New Orleans defying segregation codes • After departing from Anniston, AL one of the buses was firebombed • In Birmingham, AL the second bus was attacked by a white mob

13. Protests and Confrontations Intensify • 1962 a federal court ordered “Ole Miss” to admit James Meredith thanks to civil rights activist Medgar Evers • Riot erupted injuring 160 people and killing 2 people

14. Spring 1963, MLK and SCLC targeted Birmingham, AL • Marches, sit-in’s, • Good Friday MLK joined the march, but was arrested • June 11, 1963 Kennedy address the nation on civil rights

15. March on Washington • Aug 28, 1963 • 200,000 people • NAACP, SCLC, and SNCC • In front of the Lincoln Memorial • “I have a Dream” Speech • Civil Rights Act of 1964

16. Section 3 New Successes and Challenges • Voting • Literacy tests • Poll taxes • intimidation • Freedom Summer- 1,000 college students went to Mississippi to register African Americans to vote • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) • Fannie Lou Hamer- leader of MFDP

17. March on Selma • Major campaign to pressure the government to enact voting rights legislation • March 7, 1965 “Bloody Sunday”- state troopers attacked marchers • President Johnson address nation- “we shall overcome”

18. Voting Rights Act (1965)- banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voting registration and elections • 24th Amendment (1964)- banned poll tax • Baker v. Carr and Reynalds v. Simms- limited racial gerrymandering

19. Violence • Watts Los Angeles- violence, looting, and arson • 6 days • 34 people killed • $30 million in property damage • Newark, NJ • Detroit, MI • 43 people killed • $50 Million in property damage • Army was sent in with tanks and machine guns • Kerner Commission-determined cause of riots • Problem- RACIAL DISCRIMINATION • Create new jobs • Public housing

20. New Voices- Malcolm X • Malcolm X • Converted to Islam while in prison • believed that African Americans should separate themselves from whites and form their own self-governing communities • “Black Power” movement • Left the Nation of Islam • Assassinated in 1965 • He would be remembered for his view that although African Americans had been victims in the past, they did not have to allow racism to victimize them now.

21. New Voices- Black Panthers • The formation of the Black Panthers was the result of a new generation of militant African American leaders preaching black power, black nationalism, and economic self-sufficiency. • The group believed that a revolution was necessary to gain equal rights. • Organized armed patrols of urban neighborhoods • Antipoverty programs • Free breakfast for children • “Black” v. “Negro”

22. Original 6 Panthers • (November, 1966) Top left to right: Elbert "Big Man" Howard; Huey P. Newton (Defense Minister), Sherman Forte, Bobby Seale (Chairman). Bottom: Reggie Forte and Little Bobby Hutton (Treasurer).

23. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Disagreed with the call of “Black Power” • “Poor People’s Campaign”- pressure the nation to do more to address the needs of the poor • James Earl Ray shot MLK in Memphis, TN • Riots broke out in hundreds of cities • Indianapolis, IN

24. Significant Gains and Issues • Despite, racism and social and economic gap the 1950’s and 1960’s eliminated de jure segregation • Poverty decreased • Median income of African Americans rose • The number of African Americans that graduated High School rose • Thurgood Marshall was appointed the first African American on the Supreme Court • Congress passed the Fair Housing Act • Integrate schools and neighborhoods • Nixon: Affirmative Action-improve employment or educational opportunities of minorities