World War II: Causes, Leaders, and Holocaust

1. US History Ch. 16-17

2. Ch. 16 Section 1 • How did World War I cause problems that led to World War II? Economic depression 2.How did the Treaty of Versailles create problems in Germany? They felt it was unfair, blamed them for problems. • Who became the Russian leader in 1924? What was his nickname? Joseph Stalin, “man of steel” • Who was the leader of Italy throughout the 1920s and 1930s? What was his nickname? Beniot Mussolini, Il Duce, or the leader. • Who was the leader of Germany by the mid 1930s? What was his nickname? Adolf Hitler, Der Fuhrer “the leader” • What were the 3 main beliefs of Nazism established in the book Mein Kampf? Extreme nationalism, racial purification, (Aryans), National expansionism, Germany needed more living space • What event in Germany led to the Nazi Party taking power? Explain. The Great Depression. People were unemployed and looking for someone to save them • Why did Japan feel the need to expand and who did they attack to do so? More living space for the growing population, Manchuria in 1931.

3. Explain two failures that the League of Nations had in stopping conflicts in the world? Failed to take action against Japan’s actions, did not stop Hitler • What happened in Spain in 1936? How did it help Germany and Italy? Francisco Franco rebelled against Spanish Republic. Helped by forming close relationship with Germany and Italy • What was the US response at first to the world conflicts? Alarmed but could not get involved

4. What action caused FDR to rethink his initial position? How did he think “peace – loving” nations should treat aggressive ones in order to prevent wars? • Japan’s attack on China, said they should quarantine, or isolate, aggressor nations

5. Ch. 16, Section 2 • When and how did Austria become connected to Germany? What is the word that means union? How did the rest of the world react when this happened? Became connected when Germans marched in, unopposed Anschluss, world did nothing • Where is the Sudetenland? Why did Hitler claim it for Germany? Part of Czechoslovakia, claimed it because there were German speakers there.

6. How did Hitler use the press to gain support for war against Czechoslovakia and Poland? He spread false headlines about how the Germans/ German speakers there were being treated • What was France and England’s initial response to Hitler’s move into Czechoslovakia? Initially said they would protect Czechoslovakia • What was the Munich Agreement? Hitler agreed that Czechoslovakia was the last place he would conquer • Why was Hitler originally concerned about attacking Poland? What did the Soviet Union agree to do to change those concerns? Describe this in detail. An attack on Poland might bring them into conflict with the Soviet Union • Describe the Battle of Britain. Luftwaffe, German Air Force, bombed every night for two months. • Which new technological device really helped the Royal Air Force shoot down German planes? Radar

7. Ch 16, Section 3 • What is the definition of the Holocaust? Murder of over 11 million people across Europe • Who were the targets of the Holocaust? Why were they targets? Jews, Anti Semitism had long been a part of European history • What does Kristallnacht mean? What happened on these 2 nights and who was blamed afterwards? Night of the Broken Glass, Jewish neighborhood were attacked. Jews themselves were blamed. • What was a ghetto? Describe what life was like inside ghettos. Ghetto was a segregated Jewish area in Polish cities. Harsh, bodies everywhere, cramped, worked for Germany industry.

8. What was a concentration camp? How was life different for Jews here than in ghettos? A labor camp. Jews were forced to work from sun up to sundown, harsh conditions, little food. • What was the final step Hitler took to exterminate Jews? How many camps were built for this purpose? Mass extermination through poison gas. Over six in Poland • How many Jews are estimated to have died as a result of the Holocaust? 6 million

9. Ch. 16, Section 4 • What was the U.S. “cash and carry” provision? How did it change our role in WWII? Cash and carry, other countries could buy US arms for cash but they had transport back to their countries themselves • What 3 countries were known collectively as the Axis Powers? Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan • What were 2 ways that Congress prepared for possible U.S. involvement in WWII? First peacetime military draft and boosted military spending • How did Roosevelt break the long term policy about presidential terms? His opponent had too similar views to him, so he was able to secure a third victory • What did Germany do to Russia in 1941 that changed the tide of the war? Germany broke the nonaggression pact with Russia • What countries signed the Atlantic Charter? What did they promise each other? US and Britain promised to help one another by collective security, cooperation with economics and freedom of the seas • How many countries were part of the Allies? What was their purpose? 26 • What was the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor? How did this single attack compare to U.S. naval losses in WWI? December 7, 1941, There were more naval losses in this attack than WWI • How long did it take for Congress to declare war on Japan? How long did it take for Germany and Italy to declare war on the U.S.? Took Congress a day, 3 days for Germany/Italy to declare war on the U.S.

10. Ch. 17, Section 1 Section 1: Mobilization • What had the Japanese hoped that their attack on Pearl Harbor would accomplish? Hoped it would cause the US to back off and not cause conflict • Why did the United States have to expand the Selective Service system? They did not have enough men to fight a two front war • What was the women’s auxiliary army Corps? What roles did women play in the war as active service members? Women who did not have noncombat roles but wanted to help, they were ambulance drivers, nurses • Even though many different minority groups fought in the war, why would some minorities feel upset about fighting for the United States? They felt it was not their war to fight because of the discrimination they faced • What role did factories play in the war effort? Factories were able to transform to make things needed for the war in a short amount of time 11.What did FDR create in 1941 to help us fight the war scientifically? OSRD: Office Of Scientific Research and Development 12. What inventions and medicine did they develop? Invented atomic bomb, improvements in sonar and radar, DDT (pesticide) 13. What is the Manhattan Project? Code name for developing the atomic bomb 16. What is rationing? What is the purpose of it? Rationing is fixed allotments of certain things, purpose was to ensure the military had everything they needed.

11. Ch. 17, Section 2 Section 2- 17. In 1941 what did Churchill and FDR decide about how to fight the war? They said they would focus on Hitler and then pour resources into the Pacific 18. What type of warfare was Hitler using against the US and Britain in the Atlantic in the early years of the war? Submarine (u-boats) 20. What happened at the Battle of Stalingrad? How was it a turning point? Soviets were able to surround the Germans, Germans surrendered 26. What happened on June 6 1944? D-Day, Allies invaded Normandy, Allies held strong for 7 days 27. After that event where did the allied forces head? And what tank general really made an impact? Headed to Paris and George Patton 28. What was the Battle of the Bulge and why is it important? German tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territory, creating a bulge in their defense. Germans were able to be pushed back, lost so much they had to retreat. 29. When were the first death camps found? July 1944 30. What happened to Hitler when the allies entered Berlin? Wrote a goodbye letter and committed suicide 31. What happened to FDR and who was our new president? He had a stroke and Harry S. Truman became president

12. Ch. 17, Section 3 Section 3- 35. What happened at the Battle of Midway and why is it important? Turning point in pacific war, Allies were able to stop the Japanese, over 250 planes, 4 aircraft carriers, US had “avenged Pearl Harbor” 36. What extreme measure did Japanese pilots take to fight their enemy? Kamikaze: suicide plane attack 39. What was the Manhattan project? Who headed it? Led by General Leslie Groves, code name for development of an atomic bomb 40. What were the two cities that had the bomb dropped on them and how high were the causalities? Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 200,000 casualties 41. Who was at the Yalta Conference and what did they decide about Europe’s future? Britain, US and Soviet Union, decided to keep Germany separate and to organize United Nations 42. What were the Nuremberg War Trials? 24 people involved with Hitler and Nazism were tried for crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and war crimes 43. What was the US role in Japan after war and who led this program? Occupation for seven years, General Douglas MacArthur

13. Ch. 17, Section 4 44. How did the war help the US economically? Kept unemployment at 1.2%, weekly pay rose 45. How did the war help farmers? Crop production prospered 50%, farm income tripled 46. How did the war give women more freedom? What happened to that freedom after the war? Women were able to pursue jobs they otherwise might not get the opportunity to 47. Why did the population shift during the war? People moved for better jobs, war defense industry based towns had many job openings 48. What societal adjustments had to made during the war? Women had raise children and run the home alone, Children were left with people other than their mothers 49. What is the GI Bill of Rights? Provided education and training for veterans, paid for by the government What happened in Detroit and Los Angeles because of racism? Racially motivated riots 52. What happened to Japanese Americans during World War II? Forced into internment camps because many thought they would attack