Biomolecules – the story

1. Biomolecules – the story

2. Fats Carbohydrates Protein + Nucleic acids The Big Three + 1

3. Triglycerides • Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature: olive oil, canola oil • Saturated fats are solids at room temperature: lard, butter, animal fat • Sterols • Cholesterol • Hormones: testosterone, estrogen, • Phospholipids • phosphoglycerides Types of Lipid (Fat) Molecules

4. Storage form of energy for humans Insulation for heat retention Protection for delicate organs Key part of cell membranes Hormones that control certain body functions Lipid Functions in the Human Body

5. Glycerol plus 3 fatty acid chains Lipids - Triglycerides

6. Skeletal Shorthand for Big Molecules

7. Types of triglycerides • Unsaturated – double bonds in fa chain • Saturated – only single bonds in fa chain Lipids – Unsaturated vs Saturated

8. Lipids – Unsaturated Skeletal Formula

9. Lipids – Dehydration Synthesis

10. Basic building block of cell membranes Lipids - Phospholipids

11. Lipids - Sterols Cholesterol

12. Cx(H2O)z • Single bonds (C-H, C-C, C-O) • Types of carbohydrate molecules • Simple sugars • Polysaccharides • Starchs Carbohydrates

13. Main energy source for humans • Formed by photosynthesis in plants • Types of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide (1 sugar) • Disaccharide (2 sugars linked in a chain) • Polysaccharide (>2 sugars linked in a chain) Carbohydrates

14. Two most common • Glucose • Primary storage form of energy in human body • Fructose • Main sugar found in most plants • Others types consumed • Galactose (from mammalian milk) Carbohydrate – Monosaccharides Glucose

15. Dehydration Synthesis - Sucrose

16. Carbohydrate – Disaccharides Sucrose

17. Polymers of the simple sugars Long chains of simple sugars bonded together - polysaccharides Complex Carbohydrates

18. Starch is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose It’s a long straight chain of glucose molecules joined together It is plants way to store glucose Starch – a straight chain polysaccharide

19. Glycogen is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose • It’s a branched chain of glucose molecules joined together • It is the human body’s way to store glucose in liver and muscle Glycogen – a branched polysaccharide

20. Made by plants Cross linking adds rigidity Hydrogen bonding occurs between cellulose polymers Forms cell wall – used for support in plants Animals can’t digest Cellulose – a cross-linked polysaccharide Cellulose 1500 linked glucose molecules

21. Proteins • made from chains of amino acids

22. 20 Key Amino Acids in Humans

23. Proteins • joining 2 amino acids – forms dipeptide

24. Proteins • sequence of amino acids in proteins is genetically determined

25. Protein Folding Hydrophilic / hydrophobic effects Simplified Protein Folding Rules of Protein Folding

26. Four Levels of Protein Structure • Primary Structure – • the order of the amino acids • Secondary Structure – • hydrogen bonding effect – helices and sheets • Tertiary Structure – • weaker electrostatic force effect – “globs” • Quaternary Structure – • association of subunits

28. The Making of a Protein • The amino acid sequence is encoded • in DNA • Protein shape is determined by the • amino acid sequence

29. Protein Roles - TAMES T A M E S

30. Transport Protein - Hemoglobin

31. Enzyme in egg white and human tears • 116 amino acids long • breaks down small sugars • attacks bacterial cell walls

34. Protein Hybrids • Lipoproteins – blood, membranes • and transportation of materials • Glycoproteins – antibodies, cell surface proteins • Nucleoproteins - ribosomes

35. Nucleic Acids • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • built from deoxyribonucleotides • adenine • thymine • guanine • cytosine • RNA – ribonucleic acid • built from ribonucleotides • adenine • uracil • guanine • cytosine

36. Nucleic Acids - Roles • DNA • contains sequences that code for proteins • is passed on from generation to generation • RNA • mirrors DNA and carries instructions from cell nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are made • in viruses it can carry out DNA role

37. Nucleic Acid Molecules