Biomolecules

1. Biomolecules Ch - 2The Molecules of Life

2. Do Now • 1. The smallest unit of matter is the _________. • 2. Two or more atoms are combined to make a ___________. • 3. A bond that involves the sharing of electrons is called a __________ bond. • 4. How many protons does carbon have? How many valence electron does carbon have? Draw a Lewis Dot Structure for carbon.

3. Molecules are combinations of atoms • What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? • Carbon C • Oxygen O • Nitrogen N • Hydrogen H

4. Importance of Carbon • Carbon has 4 valence electrons • can make up to 4 bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements • carbon can create strong skeletons or backbones *What is the hardest mineral?*

5. Carbon bonds with Carbon • Biomolecules have carbon backbones • They are organic molecules • C-skeletons: straight chain, branched chain, ring

6. Carbon bonds with Hydrogen • Hydrocarbons are molecules composed of only hydrogen and carbon • Are hydrophobic

7. Carbon bonds with functional groups • Functional groups are groups of atoms that interact in predictable ways • Functional groups attach to carbon backbones to create biomolecules

8. Hydroxyl Group • -OH (oxygen and hydrogen) • alcohols • polar • Hydrophilic • Soluble in water Found in sugars

9. Carbonyl • C=O • Ketones (within)and aldehydes (on the end) • Polar; water soluble • Found in sugars

10. Carboxyl Group • -COOH • carboxylic acids • Acidic • Found in fatty acids and proteins

11. Amino Group • -NH2 • Polar; water soluble • Basic • Found in amino acids (proteins)

12. Phosphate Group • -PO4 • Store/transfer energy • Polar; water soluble • Acidic • Found in nucleic acids • Found in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) = cell energy

13. Molecule Race Yum!

14. EXAMPLE • 5 carbon straight chain hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl on the last carbon

15. 4 carbon straight chain (hydrocarbon)

16. 3 carbon straight chain (hydrocarbon) with a hydroxyl on the middle carbon

17. 4 carbon straight skeleton (hydrocarbon) with a carbonyl on the second carbon

18. 2 carbon molecule (hydrocarbon) with a carboxyl on the first carbon

19. 2 carbon straight chain with a 2 carbon branch on the second carbon (hydrocarbon)

20. Remove the end hydrogen from the branch and add an amino

21. A 5 carbon ring with a hydroxyl on 2 different carbons

22. Monomers & Polymers • Biomolecules are combinations of smaller molecules called monomers • Monomers link together to form polymers

23. Building and breaking polymers • dehydration synthesis = monomers combined to make polymers

24. Building and breaking polymers • Hydrolysis = polymers are broken into monomers

25. 4 Biomolecules • All polymers are classified into one of 4 biomolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

26. Carbohydrates!

27. Carbohydrates • sugar molecules • Ring shape • Provide and store energy; building material in plants

28. Carbohydrates • Carbs are hydrophilic • Full of hydroxyls and carbonyls

29. Monosaccharides • 1 ring • Example: Glucose (C6H12O6) • energy source • material to build other carbohydrates

30. Disaccharides • Double Sugars (oxygen bridge) • Example: Sucrose (glucose linked to a fructose) • immediate energy or stored

31. Polysaccharides • Long polymer of sugar monomers • Complex carbs • Starch: chain of glucose monomers • used by plants as sugar storage • Animals can break down starch to release glucose and energy

32. Polysaccharides • Glycogen • Used by animals to store extra sugar • Stored in the liver

33. Polysaccharides • Cellulose • Used by plants for building material • Most animals cannot break down cellulose; passes through body as fiber • Chitin • Used by fungi for building material

34. Lipids!

35. Lipids • Organic molecules that are hydrophobic • Act as membranes, protect organs, store energy, act as chemical signals

36. Lipids: Phospholipids • Phospholipids: form cell membranes; divides the watery inside and outside of cells

38. Lipids • Fats (triglycerides) 3 C backbone (glycerol) attached to 3 long chains of hydrocarbons (fatty acids) • Store energy, cushion organs, insulate

39. Lipids: Fats • Saturated fats • all fatty acids have maximum H atoms • Solid at room T • Animal fats, lard, butter • Unsaturated fats • One or more double bond in fatty acid chain • Found in fruits, veggies, fishies, EVOO, veggie oils Which do you want to limit in your diet?

40. Lipids: Steroids & Sterols • C-skeleton of 4 fused rings • Steroids are chemical signals • Cholesterol = essential in cell membranes; building block of other steroids

41. Proteins! When there is something to do, it is a protein that does it.

42. Proteins • Proteins have many important functions. Some are: • Antibodies • Receptors • Enzymes • Neurotransmittors • Energy Storage • Build and Repair muscles and tissue

43. Amino Acids • Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids • Amino Acids consist of one central C bonded to 4 partners: • H-atom • Carboxyl • Amino • An “R-group”

44. Polypeptides • Amino acids link together forming peptide bonds

45. Protein Structure • Each protein has its own unique 3-D shape that determines its function • The shape of a protein is determined by how its amino acids interact

46. Primary Structure • The chain of amino acids = polypeptide • 20 different amino acids make up hundreds of thousands of different polypeptides

47. Secondary Structure • The way a part of the polypeptide twists or coils • Forms α-helixes, or β-pleated sheets

48. Tertiary Structure • the helixes and pleated sheets fold in respect to each other

49. Quaternary Structure • Describes how the 2 or more polypeptides fold in respect to each other

50. Denaturation • Proteins can be unraveled and changed by changes in temp, pH, or other changes in environment