ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

1. ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT INBIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) • ‘Management of Waste’ By; MrsHafizaBintiShukor

2. In-Plant Control • Measures that can effectively reduce the extent of pollution causes • by wastewater. Good housekeeping –avoid accidental spills. Technical modification –increase efficiency equipment ,less waste Process modification-involving substitution of chemical which are less polluting & alternative process (clean process) Reduction in consumption- water.chemical (less ww, lower pollutant concentration) Maintenance of equipment-less wastage, avoid leakage, accurate flowrate. Reconfiguration of the process- less waste, less pollutant concentration,etc Minimize/optimize chemical dosage-less waste, less pollutant concantration. ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

3. Purify raw materials –lower pollutant in ww. Training of employees- avoid wastage, better control of process, less waste. Have company pollution prevention plant- avoid & minimize wastage @ pollution. Recover valueble component of ww- avoid escape into the WWTP. Spillage containment- avoid pollutant escape into the ww system. Proper storage and handling- avoid spilling, accidental leakage. Replacement of worn- out tanks, leaky pipes-avoid leaking and pollutants from entering the ww system. Improve supervision. ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

4. THICKENING • Is a procedureusedtoincreasethesolidscontent of sludgebyremoving a portion of theliquidfraction. • Isgenerallybyphysicalmeansicludingco-settling, gravitysettling, flotation, centrifugation, gravitybelt, and rotatrydrum. • forvolumereduction • reduce tankcapacity and equipmentrequired. • reduce chemicalquantityrequiredforsludgeconditioning • reduce heatrequiredbydigesters • reduce auxiliaryrequiredforheatdryingorincinerationorboth. AIMS? ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

5. Gravitythickening • Centrifugalthickening • Gravitybeltthickening • Flotationthickening • Rotary drumthickening • Method of • Thickening ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

6. ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

7. Digestion? Many sludges are treated using a variety of digestion techniques, the purpose of which is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting. ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

8. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION • Is among the oldest processes used for the stabilization of solids and biosolids. • Involves the decomposition of organic matter and inorganic matter (principally sulfate) in the absence of molecular oxygen. • The major applications of anaerobic digestion are in the destabilization of concentrated sludge produced from the treatment of municipal or industrial ww. • Is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater. • As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere. • Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a renewable energy source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production helping replace fossil fuels. ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

9. Also, the nutrient-rich digestatercan be used as fertiliser. • The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials in order to break down insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates and make them available for other bacteria. • Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. • Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. • Methanogens, finally are able to convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

10. Anaerobic digestion & regenerative thermal oxidiser component of Lübeck mechanical biological treatment plant in Germany, 2007 ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

11. AEROBIC DIGESTION • Aerobic digestion is a bacterial process occurring in the presence of oxygen. • Under aerobic conditions, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide. • Once there is a lack of organic matter, bacteria die and are used as food by other bacteria. • This stage of the process is known as endogenous respiration.Solids reduction occurs in this phase. • Because the aerobic digestion occurs much faster than anaerobic digestion, the capital costs of aerobic digestion are lower. • However, the operating costs are characteristically much greater for aerobic digestion because of energy costs for aeration needed to add oxygen to the process ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

12. ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

13. THE END ERT 417/4WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)