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Chapter 6 Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal

Chapter 6 Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal. Learning Objectives. Discuss some of the problems of minority and female police officers. Know the issues involving education and police. Discuss police culture and styles. Identify distinct policing styles.

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Chapter 6 Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal

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  1. Chapter 6 Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal

  2. Learning Objectives • Discuss some of the problems of minority and female police officers. • Know the issues involving education and police. • Discuss police culture and styles. • Identify distinct policing styles. • Be familiar with how police use discretion. • Discuss the issue of four major problems of policing. • Discuss use of force and factors related to police shootings. • Know various methods of controlling police force. • Define less-lethal weapons and provide examples. • Be familiar with the Supreme Court’s involvement with the police through its effort to control search and seizure, interrogation, and the exclusionary rule.

  3. Who Are the Police? • For 40 years departments have recruited women and minority officers • Women are now 11 percent of police personnel • Minority groups are now 23 percent of police personnel • African-American women comprise less than 5 percent of police personnel

  4. The Police Profession • Profession is characterized by a subculture • Contributes to creation of the “blue curtain” effect whereby officers isolate themselves and are isolated by others from society

  5. Beliefs of the Police Subculture • Police are the only real crime fighters • No one else understands the real nature of police work • Loyalty to colleagues counts above everything else • It is impossible to win the war on crime without bending the rules • Members of the public are basically unsupportive and unreasonably demanding • Patrol work is the “pits”

  6. The Police Personality • Cynicism is found at all levels • Negative values and attitudes are believed to cause officers to be secretive and isolated

  7. Policing Style

  8. Police Discretion • Use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the CJS

  9. Factors Affecting Police Discretion • Legal factors - discretion is inversely related to severity of offense • Environmental factors - community expectations impact the amount of discretion expected • Departmental factors - organizational policies, practices, customs, and supervision • Peer factors • Situational factors – demeanor and behavior of person encountered • Extralegal factors – the age, gender, income, or race of the person encountered

  10. Problems of Policing • Stress • Fatigue • Violence and brutality • Corruption

  11. Four Categories of Corruption

  12. Causes of Corruption • No single explanation • Wide discretion by police • Unenforceable laws governing moral standards promote corruption

  13. Control of Corruption

  14. Use of Force • Not a common event • Race and ethnic differences in the rate at which force is applied • Majority of all races consider police behavior to be appropriate given circumstances of contact

  15. Deadly Force • Refers to actions of police who kill a suspect • “Suicide by cop” • Patterns related to police shootings: • Exposure to violence • National crime rates • Community threat levels • Administrative factors

  16. The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center’s Use-of-Force Model

  17. Controlling Deadly Force • Fleeing felon rule • Tennessee v. Garner • Review State laws • Department internal reviews

  18. Police and the Rule of Law • The Miranda Warning: • Right to remain silent • Any statements may be used in court of law • Right to consult with an attorney and have present during interrogation • If a person cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed • Improperly gathered confessions and statements are generally inadmissible

  19. Search and Seizure • All searches and seizures require probable cause • Warrants must be obtained from the court and be supported by an affidavit that establishes probable cause

  20. Six Valid Warrantless Searches

  21. The Exclusionary Rule • First stated in 1914 by the Supreme Court to control misconduct by police officers • All evidence obtained by unreasonable searches and seizures, coerced confessions or other violations of Constitutional rights is inadmissible in criminal trials • The “good faith exception” - evidence is admissible if the police acted in good faith on a warrant, even if the warrant is invalid or out of date

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