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Jointness with the public – The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000):

Jointness with the public – The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000):. The citizen & the policeman at the center. "Community policing Reform" (CP) is the only Police Reform born outside the police. All the other reforms were focused on effectiveness & efficiency;

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Jointness with the public – The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000):

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  1. Jointness with the public – The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000): The citizen & the policeman at the center

  2. "Community policing Reform" (CP) is the only Police Reform born outside the police. All the other reforms were focused on effectiveness & efficiency; • Maybe that's why many police officers hate CP, & in many countries, it implemented only at the a declarations level. • CP was created in the US in order to deal with the alienation between the police and the public, and because the Police lost control of the streets after the “Due Process Revolution” after it existing tools became irrelevant.

  3. The CP Purpose (1): A Social service that redesigns the community & motivate it “to keep the streets clean” instead of focusing on catching criminals. • The CP Purpose (2): Changing the police’s culture and doctrine. This means a different distribution of organizational power.

  4. Police is one of the most important national security organizations • Most countries suffer mostly from Internal national security problems, & not from external enemies! • Some of them are problems of: Homeland Security; Multicultural Society; Organizational Crime, Money Laundering; Government Corruption; etc.

  5. Police Reforms In order to understand The Community Policing Reform, we will review the major reforms in policing, prepared the police to the 21st century’s challenge

  6. Since the establishment of the first uniformed police in London on 1829, there were sixreforms in policing: • They allwere created in the United States; • Most of them were created inside the police force, in order to adapt to a changing reality, & to become more effective and more efficient.

  7. Six Police Reforms: • The Progressive Reform(The twenties of the twentieth century); • The professional reform in US Police:1930-1980; • The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000); • “The New York Model"(1994-2000); • The Homeland Security Reform (2000-2005); • “The Technological reform" from 2005

  8. 1. The Progressive Reform in US Police (The twenties of the twentieth century): August Vollmer, the Chief of Berkeley, California Police,1907-1932 • Leadership; • No politics; • Improving the quality of human resources; • Practice; • Effectiveness and efficiency.

  9. 2. The professional reform in US Police: 1930-1980 • Policing as a profession; • Elevation of HR; • Practice; • Academization; • Machinery.

  10. 3. The Community Policing Reform (1980-2000) We will talk about it soon!

  11. 4. “The New York Model":  Rudolph Giuliani & William Bratton (1994-2000)

  12. They wrote books how to download crime and became a legend in the Western world. • However, the truth is that crime is going down all over the US for 25 years… • "Zero tolerance"; • Compstat; • The beginning of the technological revolution.

  13. “Hot Spots” • Computerized techniques of mapping crime and identifying “Hot Spots”. • Formulating a strategic police response to those “hot spots”. • Research shows that using “Hot Spots” can reduce crime in both the hot spot and surrounding areas.

  14. Personal data & pictures Crime data • Accountability; • Reliability; • Measurement.

  15. For example: • The order was: “No beggars in the streets”! • The Precinct Chief declares: “No beggars in my territory” • Behind him, a beggar's picture was projected, taken in his Precinct the same morning. • The Precinct Chief was deposed in front of everyone.

  16. The Significance: • Giuliani & Bratton won bureaucracy by establishing a direct connection to the Precinct Chiefs in the field. • Reducinghierarchies made ​​the police more flexible!

  17. The end of the story: • Bratton was dismissedby Giuliani when he became too popular and famous. • He became the Commissioner of Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) (2002–2009). • Crime continued to fall...

  18. 5. The Homeland Security Reform (2000-2005) • Homeland Security is part of police duties; • Two sets of lows in parallel Reality is accelerating!

  19. 6. “The Technological reform" from 2005 It is a collection of technological revolutions, occurring in various areas all the time From “Hot Spots” to “Predictive Policing”

  20. “The Technological reform" • Cameras al over the city; • Mobile Phonesenable us to locate people, even in retrospect; • Surveillance and listening to suspects are made relatively easily; • Dependency on human resources among offenders has significantly diminished; • Forensics has become a very important partner in the criminal investigation.

  21. Network analysis tells us almost everything about an organizations: power, influence, "bottlenecks", collaboration, strengths, weaknesses, etc.

  22. We can identify "Telnets" in a criminal organization, "and take him out of the game" on time!

  23. We know who to "crack“,in order to drag his organization into chaos “Bottle Neck”

  24. From Hot Spots to Predictive Policing • The latest item on policing: Locating the development of patterns in crime networks, allows us to predict where and when crime will occur tomorrow. Predictive Policing: 13% reduction in crime in California!

  25. Lets go back to Community Policing Working with the community for its quality of life

  26. The original British police never needed a community policing reform. It was always community oriented! The police officer Character in Mary Poppins (14:08)

  27. In the UK, citizens expect police officers even today, to be substitute parents and marriage counselors ...

  28. But in the empire, A problematic model of the imperial police developed!

  29. Israeli police began to engage in community policing, for security reasons, ten years before the Western world. We will discussed that in details, tomorrow.

  30. The Broken Windows Theory • The theory was introduced in a 1982 article (March) by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. • in an article titled "Broken Windows" which appeared in the TheAtlantic Monthly.

  31. The main idea: neglect encourages crime and vice versa Fear of crime is worse than crime itself.

  32. The Basic Concept • Crime is everyone's business. Not only, of the police; • Anyway, the police has no control over crime factors.

  33. This is the key issue! If the police does not affect crime, then what's the point in creating more & more effectiveness and efficiency reforms?

  34. This argument is true

  35. Every year police objectives are to reduce crime statistics. Is it really up to them?

  36. The relationship between crime results & police work is not linear; Good police work Bad police work Crime drops increasing crime

  37. This is Brigadier General AviNoyman from the Israel Police • I asked him to prepare his final thesis on INDC about the "luck contribution to police work" • The Commissioner was very angry and said that police work is the result of hard work, and not luck!

  38. So, I asked him to change the word Luck to Uncertainty… • Noymananalyzed six episodes of organized crime and serious murders. • His main conclusion: Uncertainty is a major factor in the success and failure of police work!

  39. The Police officer as a Public Servant • All the police services are concentrated in one place: The service center. • Measurement of waiting times and response to phone calls.

  40. Problem Oriented Policing Fundamental solutions to problems

  41. Problem Oriented Policing • For years, police focused on the “means” of policing rather than its “ends”. • Police officers are measured in their ability to detect problems in the community and take care of them once and for all, rather than treat the symptoms repeatedly. • That’s why they should be much more important then their officers! professor Herman Goldstein

  42. So police objectives must be determined separately based on problems in the field It does not make sense that all police stations will work on the same goals!

  43. Encouraging independence and creativity of the police officers in the street

  44. Jointness • Jointness of all the agencies that work in the community and all government offices to resolve problems

  45. “This is the difference between "cleaning trash" and "maintaining a clean city" Ra'anana Mayor ZeevBielski

  46. Consider an intelligence officer claiming that his city is cleared from drugs, and therefore, he decreased arrests... Do the police have a genuine interest to reduce crime?

  47. The new approach: police as a social service • Enforcement is only a small part of policing; • 85% of the public applications have nothing to do with enforcement. • Only 5-10% of the police officer time goes on enforcement. • The law enforcement system cannot be overloaded.

  48. Social work as a model Problem: The police do not want to be social workers!

  49. CPadopted “The customer-based approach“ from the business field We are the customer servants & we measure effectiveness by customer satisfaction!

  50. Remember self organization? • Redesign community means to create self-organization & accelerate it! • It can be accelerated by an internal or external catalyst.

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