Imperialism

1. Imperialism

2. Imperialism – when stronger nations try to create empires by dominating weaker nations, economically, politically, or militarily. This is also called expansionism (outside your country)

3. Why Imperialism? We had been isolationist… • 1) We had tamed the West, so now we need somewhere else to go get land. Restore the nations pioneer spirit. • 2) Social Darwinism - we were superior and we needed to colonize, civilize, and Christianize the “inferior people.” Expansionism was noble and inevitable

4. Why Imperialism? We had been isolationist… • 3) We needed new markets for our goods. Businesses wanted an expansionist policy to open more markets. US fruit business in central America they were called the Banana Republics. • 4) Help with the defense of the US. We make a navy • 5) Everyone else was doing it (i.e. Europe) the whites mans burden.

5. Imperialism • William Seward was the Secretary o’ State under Lincoln, Johnson and Grant. • Danish West Indies – 60 yrs later it became the Virgin Islands. • Samana Bay 1867 – We bought this but Seward wanted us to buy the whole Dominican Republic - but the treaty was never ratified. • Alaska 1867 – 7 million to Russia – later found gold Seward Samana Bay

6. Imperialism • Midway 1867 – Island in the pacific, we bought it as a fueling station for our trade ships with china • Pago Pago, Samoa 1872 – Harbor on Samoa. We could use the harbor in return for protection. This was a fueling station for our trade ships with Australia • Hawaii – King Kalakua & Queen Liluokalani Midway Hawaii Pago Pago Samoa

7. Imperialism • James Blaine - the Secretary of State under Harrison. • Pan American Union – promoting social and economic co-op in the western hemisphere • Venezuela 1895 • Example of Monroe Doctrine at work • The new Secretary of State Richard Olney under Cleveland. • Gold was discovered and the British became interested in the country Venezuela

8. Spanish American War • Revolution in Cuba 1895 • Cuba – first rebelled against Spain in 1868, then again in 1895. • American causes: • Tariffs on sugar terribly hurt the Cuba economy • Guerrilla Fighters • Scorched Earth to make US and Spain mad • Spain sends General V. Weyler (aka the Butcher) in 1896. • Reconcentration camps General Weyler Sugarcane Plantation

9. Spanish American War • William Hearst (NY Journal) & Joseph Pulitzer (NY World) • Yellow Journalism • Evangelina Cisneros • Spanish Ambassador Delome • Jingoism - Extreme nationalism characterized especially by a belligerent foreign policy; chauvinistic patriotism. Evangelina Cisneros Joseph Pulitzer William Hearst

10. Spanish American War • USS Maine Feb 15, 1898 • We did every thing to get ready for war • Spain did everything to stop it • BUT the papers did not tell the public these facts. • April 11th 1898 we declare WAR with Spain • Teller Amendment – We fight for freedom not land

11. Spanish American War • Philippine Islands • Admiral George Dewey • Manila Harbor • Emilio Aguinaldo • Cuba • General Shafter • Teddy Roosevelt - Rough Riders • El Caney and San Juan Hill • Guam and Puerto Rico • Treaty of Paris 1898 • 1) Spain recognized Cuban independence • 2) US gave Spain 20 million for the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

12. 1) The blowing up of this boat helped cause the Spanish-American War ________________ • 2) This treaty ended the Spanish American War ____________________ • 3) list 4 out of the 5 reasons why we joined Imperialism:

13. 1) The blowing up of this boat helped cause the Spanish-American War __USS Maine____ • 2) This treaty ended the Spanish American War __ Treaty of Paris 1898____ • 3) list 4 out of the 5 reasons why we joined Imperialism: • We wanted more land/restore pioner spirit • Help out the inferior native (colonize and civilize) • New markets for goods • Defense of the US • Everyone else is doing it

14. Spanish American War – So Now What? • Philippines • They want their freedom – what to do? • McKinley vs. the Anti-Imperialist league • We fight the Philippines • Jones Act gives them a limited self govt. • Independence finally in 1946. • Puerto Rico • Foraker Act 1900 gives them a limited self govt in 1900 • 1917 granted citizenship –still not a state. • Cuba • Military gov’t for 3 yrs • 1902 – make a constitution with the Platt Amendment – this says that: • 1st dibs in protecting them • 2 bases on the island (i.e. Guantanamo Bay) • no other power can build bases on the island. this remained till 1934. Philippines Puerto Rico Cuba

15. Spanish American War - Results • 1. 385 American battle deaths (1/20th the number lost at Gettysburg) • 2. Several thousand deaths from disease and poisoned meat • 3. Cost: $250,000,000 • 4. U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippine Islands (100,000 sq. miles, 10 million people) for $20 million • 5. Anti-Imperialists angered by anti-democratic aspects of imperialist efforts

16. Imperialism • Election 1900 • McKinley and is assassinated by Czolgsz so Theodore Roosevelt is president. • Teddy Roosevelt • “talk softly and carry a big stick” • Went west to find himself • He wanted to save the US from moral and physical flabbiness. • Assistant Sec of the Navy under McKinley working hard to build their fleet. • Imperialist and big in the Spanish-American war leading the Rough Riders • Governor of NY • Teddy Bear

17. Imperialism – Panama Canal • Panama Canal • We needed was a canal to shorten the boat trip from the west to east coast.. • 1850 - Treaty of Clayton-Bulwer with England • If either country built a canal we would have to do it with the other nation involved. • 1901 - Hay-Pauncefole Treaty • This said that we could build the canal w/o England as long as it was an international waterway. • Where to put the Canal? • France had tried in Panama • We began to try Nicaragua Panama

18. Imperialism – Panama Canal • Engineer Phillippe Bunau-Varilla wanted to sell the canal for good price • Hay – Heran Treaty • US pay Columbia 10 million for a canal zone 6 miles wide and then $250,000 a year • but then Columbia wanted more money and we reject them….so what to do? • Hum…lets start a war…oh lets • A revolution breaks out in Panama • By coincidence the USS Nashville in near Panama. Marines block the RR to stop the Columbian army = revolt is a success! Phillippe Bunau-Varilla Panama Flag John Hay

19. Imperialism – Panama Canal • Hay-Bunau-Varilla • We recognize panama as a free country and negotiate the treaty. • We can build canal for 15 million, 10 miles wide and $250,000 a year. (After teddy’s death we gave 25 million guilt money to Columbia) • Some Americans did not approve of Roosevelt's behavior. • Nine years later the freighter Ancon entered the new channel.

20. Imperialism – Panama Canal • Roosevelt Corollary – no one can intervene in the western hemisphere but us. • We just want to see “neighboring countries stable, orderly and prosperous.” If the countries engaged in acts harmful to US interests or a collapsed govt the US would be forced to be international police power – to prevent other powers taking over. Panama Canal Ancon’s first trip

21. Perry and the treaty with Japan 1894-5 War btw China and Japan Economical Spheres of Influence in China European countries claimed exclusive trading rights to certain parts of China. John Hay writes to all the countries w/ spheres to agree to three things called Open Door Policy: 1) all countries enjoy = trade opportunities in China. 2) to protect the Chinese territory integrity the Chinese collect their own tariffs and keep them. 3) all parts of China and all RR’s are accessible Imperialism - Asia

22. The nations replied that they liked the concept of the Open Door, but that they could not support or enforce it. We took that as acceptance. Spheres of Influence

23. 1) Cuba made a constitution in 1902. They had to include the ______________. This gave us the base Guantanamo Bay 2) The French engineer __________________ started the Panama Canal, and we bought it from him. 3) _________________ - this is a territorial area over which a nation has political or economic influence.

24. 1) Cuba made a constitution in 1902. They had to include the Platt Amendment. This gave us the base Guantanamo Bay 2) The French engineer Phillippe Bunau-Varilla started the Panama Canal, and we bought it from him. 3) Sphere of Influence - this is a territorial area over which a nation has political or economic influence.

25. Imperialism - Asia • Boxers Rebellion • The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fist and they started the Boxer Rebellion a rampage against foreigners. • Their cause was to overthrow the imperial Ch'ing government and expel all "foreign devils" from China. • To keep these from conquering China we send a multi national army and stop the rebellion

26. Imperialism - Asia • Russo-Japanese War – Russia stayed in Manchuria • Japan started to beat Russia, then Russia made a few wins so rather than loose territory they appealed to US to arbitrate. • Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 - TR has delegates meet in New Hampshire. They end the war Japan gets the land but no indemnity. TR gets the Noble Peace prize for this.

27. Imperialism • Gentleman’s Agreement • SanFran schools were anti Asian. They decided to separate all the Asian students from the main schools. • The Japanese kids would go to integrated schools and the Japanese would stop immigration. • Great White Fleet – wanted to show off our navy • Dollar Diplomacy • Taft wanted to use dollars instead of bullets – this pleased public opinion (humanitarian sentiments) and pleased investors. • 1) there is US money over seas we can increase our influence. • 2) We will commit troops to help protect US money. Great White Fleet Sea Route Japanese Students California

28. Imperialism • Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) - President Diaz • Three very strong revolutionary groups • Emiliano Zapata (south) • Francisco "Pancho" Villa (north) • Pascual Orozco (north) • Close to 900,000 Mexican immigrants came to the United States between 1910 and 1920. to escape the violence of the revolution and for jobs • Pancho Villa into the US • 1916 - American merchant refused to deliver the arms to Villa's army • Villa entered the United States and raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico • General "Black Jack" Pershing went after him but could not find him. "Villa is everywhere, but Villa is nowhere."

29. Anti- Imperialism • Anti-Imperialist League based its arguments against imperialism firmly upon the country's democratic and anti-colonial traditions • A lot of people were involved with this movement: politicians, reformers, educators, writers, and business and labor leaders. • Jane Addams - Women's International League for Peace and Freedom • Moorfield Storey – 1st pres of the NAACP • Andrew Carnegie • Samuel Gompers - American Federation of Labor.

30. Anti- Imperialism • 1898 to 1901 the standing army was nearly quadrupled, from 26,800 to 104,000 soldiers • Practical reasons expansionism was bad: • 1) It was very costly and added more debt and taxes. • 2) We already had enough problems at home. • 3) It would take away jobs from Americans. • Paradox of Power Teddy Roosevelt & the “World”