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Coral Reefs

014. Coral Reefs. Coral Reef Biology. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa - hydroids Class Scyphozoa - jellies Class Cubozoa - box jellies Class Anthozoa - corals and anemones. The Cnidarian Life Cycle. The Hydrozoan Life Cycle. Class Hydrozoa Hydrozoan Colony.

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Coral Reefs

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  1. 014 Coral Reefs

  2. Coral Reef Biology

  3. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class Scyphozoa- jellies Class Cubozoa- box jellies Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones

  4. The Cnidarian Life Cycle The Hydrozoan Life Cycle

  5. Class HydrozoaHydrozoan Colony

  6. Hydrozoan Colonies“Stinging Limu”

  7. Fire Coral

  8. By-the-Wind-SailorA Floating Colony of Polyps

  9. Coloniality Man-of-WarPhylum Cnidaria

  10. Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War

  11. Class Scyphozoa

  12. Class CubozoaBox Jellies& Sea Wasps

  13. Class Anthozoa Sea Anemones & Corals: true stony corals and octocorals

  14. Sea Anemones

  15. Sea Anemone Anatomy

  16. Hermatypic corals: • possess zooxanthellae • are reef builders Light: Clear water Warm temperature: 18-32oC Low nutrients Low productivity in water • Ahermatypic corals: • no zooxanthellae • rely on tentacular feeding • can live in aphotic zone

  17. Distribution of Coral Reef Communities

  18. Hawaiian Coral Zonation 0 m High light levels Moderate wave energy 6 m Cauliflower coral (Pocillopora meandrina) Moderate light levels Occasional storm wave energy Lobe coral (Porites lobata) 13 m Low light levels Low wave energy Finger coral (Porites compressa) 25 m Very low light, Primarily downwelling No wave energy Plate coral (Porites rus)

  19. “True” Stony Corals

  20. “True” Stony Corals Hermatypic- reef building, zooxanthellae • Common species: • Acroporidae- table • Acroporidea- rice • Agariciidae- flat lobe, corregated • Faviidae- crust, ocellated • Fungiidae- humpback, mushroom • Pocilloporidae- lace, antler, cauliflower • Poritidae- finger, lobe, plate

  21. Family Pocilloporidae Lace coral, antler coral, and cauliflower coral lace Pocillopora damicornis antler cauliflower Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meaandrina

  22. Family Acroporidae Table coral, rice coral and spreading coral rice coral Montipora patula Montipora flabellata table Acropora cytheria Montipora capitata

  23. Family Poritidae Finger coral, lobe coral, Evermann’s coral, plate and pillar coral Porites evermanni Porites lobata Porites rus Porites compressa

  24. Family Agariciidae flat lobe coral, corrugated coral corrugated Flat lobe Pavona duerdeni Pavona varians

  25. Family Fungiidae Humpback coral, mushroom coral mushroom Fungia scutaria

  26. Family Faviidae crust coral, ocellated coral Leptastrea bottae Cyphastrae ocellina Leptastrea purpurea

  27. A Solitary Coral Polyp

  28. Colonial Coral Polyps

  29. Zooxanthellae in Gastrodermal Cells of Corals

  30. Zooxanthellae:Symbiodinium microadriacticum

  31. Ahermatypic Corals • Octocorals, wire corals, black corals, sea pens • Both hard and soft forms exist • non reef-building • no photosynthesis

  32. Ahermatypic Corals

  33. Heterotrophic Nutrition • General feeding modes: • predaceous carnivores capturing live prey • detritus feeding • absorption of dissolved organic matter from surrounding water

  34. Nematocyst Discharge

  35. Autotrophic Nutrition Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  36. Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

  37. Benefits to the Algal Symbiont • Zooxanthellae gets a place to live • Receive chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3). • Surrounding animal tissues can concentration substantial amounts of ultraviolet light absorbing compounds.

  38. Benefits to the Coral Host • Higher rates of calcification (skeleton deposition). • Receive DOM & O2 • Removal of chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3). • Receive chemicals that absorb damaging ultraviolet light (Micosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)).

  39. Asexual Reproduction budding and fission accidental fragmentation nonaccidental fragmentation partial colony mortality polyp bail-out

  40. Budding Polyp within calyx

  41. Fission Polyp within calyx

  42. Wave Damage AccidentalFragmentation

  43. Nonaccidental Fragmentation Radial Division in Cycloseris fragilis

  44. Nonaccidental Fragmentation anthocyathus Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria anthocaulus

  45. Nonaccidental Fragmentation stalk regenerates new disk Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria

  46. Partial Colony Mortality The Phoenix Effect in Porites compressa Cut surface of a broken finger showing living tissue beneath the surface of the skeleton P. Jokiel Normal colony next to a colony exposed to freshwater

  47. Polyp Bail-Out D. Gulko

  48. planula larvae zygote egg sperm Sexual Reproduction

  49. Planula Larvae

  50. Sexual Reproduction • Hermaphroditic vs gonochoric • Broadcast spawning vs brooding

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