4/8 Daily Catalyst Pg. 104 Immune System

1. 4/8 Daily Catalyst Pg. 104 Immune System

4. 4/8 Class Business • Quiz #27 on Friday • Viruses and Immune system • Survey administration next Monday • Please be here!

5. Joke If April showers bring May flowers, can you guess what May flowers bring? Pilgrims.

6. 4/8 Agenda Daily Catalyst Class business Immune system reading quiz Immune System notes Homework: read and outline page 908, 909, and 914

7. 4/8 Objective Mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt dynamic homeostasis So that… We will be able to describe the immune response mechanism to maintain homeostasis.

8. 4/8 Reading Quiz 1. Define pathogens: 2. Name the two defense systems. 3. Which type of defense system is activated upon exposure to a pathogen that has been encountered before. 4. Which type of defense system is nonspecific? 5. What is the job of a phagocyte? 6. What type of cells are phagocytes? 7. What is the most active chemical in the inflammatory response? 8. Define apoptosis:

9. One of the main ways to disturb homeostasis is disease! Did you know: Researchers from the Wright Patterson Medical Center in Dayton, Ohio, asked people standing in line at a grocery store checkout and at a high school concession stand to trade a $1 bill from their pocket for a new one. Then the doctors analyzed 68 of those old, worn bills. 87% of these bills contained harmful bacteria that could cause illness! Ewwwww

10. The immune system • Key Point #1: • The purpose of the immune system is to keep pathogens out of the body and to destroy the pathogens that invade the body.

11. Pathogens • Key Point #2: Pathogens • A disease causing agent • Virus (West Nile Virus) • Bacteria (E. Coli) • Fungi (ringworm) • Protists (Malaria)

12. Vertebrate Immune System • Two major kinds of defense have evolved to counter these threats: • Innate Immunity and Acquired Immunity

14. Vertebrate Immune System • Key Point 3: Innate Immunity • Present before exposure to pathogens • Effective from birth • Nonspecific

15. Key Point #4: • The skin • Mucous membranes (nose) • Cilia • Stomach acid Tends to be surface related KP #4: Innate Immunity- 1st LINE OF DEFENSE

16. 10m Figure 43.3 Turn and Talk Correlate the location of cilia with their job in the first line of defense:

17. BUT- what if the pathogen gets past your first line of defense and breaks into your body???

18. The Second Line of Defense • KP #5: Innate Immunity- 2nd Line of Defense • Phagocytes • White blood cells • Attach of the surface of the pathogen • Engulfs microbe and kills it!

19. The Second Line of Defense • KP #5: Innate Immunity- 2nd Line of Defense • Phagocytes • White blood cells • Attach of the surface of the pathogen • Engulfs microbe and kills it! • Inflammatory response • Histamine is the most active chemical released • Vasodilation (redness) • Swelling • Blood vessels carry white blood cells to the injured area • Fever /Heat (why?) • Clotting begins and phagocytes attack!

20. Blood clot Pin Pathogen Macrophage Blood clotting elements Chemical signals Phagocytic cells Phagocytosis Capillary Red blood cell Fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site. Clotting begins. 1 Chemical signals released by activated macrophages and mast cells at the injury site cause nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable. Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site, and the tissue heals. Chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site. 4 2 3 Figure 43.6 Major events in the local inflammatory response

21. The Second Line of Defense • KP #5: Innate Immunity- 2nd Line of Defense • Phagocytes • White blood cells • Attach of the surface of the pathogen • Engulfs microbe and kills it! • Inflammatory response • Histamine is the most active chemical released • Vasodilation (redness) • Swelling • Blood vessels carry white blood cells to the injured area • Fever /Heat (why?) • Clotting begins and phagocytes attack! • Natural Killer Cells (NK) • Patrol the body • Attach infected cells • Kill the infected cell • By apoptosis (programmed cell death)

22. Morphine Morphine suppresses the immune system, the body's innate defense against infections. Because of this effect, doctors weigh the pain-relief benefits of opioids against the added risk of infection they pose to patients, particularly those being treated for severe burns or certain cancers. Opioid abusers, many of whom are already infection-prone due to unclean needles, repeated injections, and poor nutrition and living conditions, are rendered even more vulnerable by these drugs. Morphine affects the body's immune cells in many ways, both direct and indirect. Recently, NIDA-funded scientists pinpointed the biochemical trigger that sets off a chain reaction that ultimately inhibits an immune cell that is key in fighting viruses and cancer. Morphine suppresses the activity of three different types of white blood cells: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells.

23. 4/9 Daily Catalyst Pg. 105 Acquired Immunity 1. What causes the common signs of inflammation-redness, swelling, and heat-and how do these changes help protect the body against infection? 2. What is the difference between the defense system of the skin and phagocytic cells? 3. Which chemical is release during inflammation? 4. What is the difference between phagocytes and NK cells?

24. 4/9 Daily Catalyst Pg. 105 Acquired Immunity • 1. What causes the common signs of inflammation-redness, swelling, and heat-and how do these changes help protect the body against infection? • Vasodilation and a rush of blood to the area. • 2. What is the difference between the defense system of the skin and phagocytic cells? • The skin is an external defense and phagocytic cells are internal • 3. Which chemical is release during inflammation? • Histamine • 4. What is the difference between phagocytes and NK cells? • Phagocytes engulf the pathogen and the NK cells cause apoptosis

25. 4/9 Class Business Pg. 105 Acquired Immunity • Quiz #27 on Friday • Viruses and Immune system • Survey administration next Monday • Please be here!

26. 4/9 Agenda Daily Catalyst Class business Finish Immune System notes Exit ticket Homework: read and outline page 915-919

27. 4/9 Objective Mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt dynamic homeostasis

29. Page 104

30. Find someone who Explain the following statement: “Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens.”

31. Third Line of Defense If the innate immunity has failed, the adaptive immunity kicks on.

32. Vertebrate Immune System • Key Point #6: Acquired/Adaptive Immunity • Develops after exposure to pathogens • Highly Specific • Heritable (can be) • Key players: • Lymphocytes and antibodies

33. Key Players Only recognize SPECIFIC pathogens • Key Point #7: Lymphocytes • White blood cells • Recognize pathogens • Produced in the bone marrow • T- cells • Mature in thymus • B-cells • Mature in bone marrow

34. T and B cells flow through blood and lymph fluid

35. Key Players • Key Point #8: Antibodies • Produced by B Cells • Proteins • Bind to a specific pathogen and mark them for destruction • The “flags” • How do antibodies know where to flag???

36. Key Players: Antigens • Key Point #9: Antigen • Located on the pathogen • Protein or polysaccharide • Recognized by WBC/Antibody • Fingerprint (unique) • B cells and T cells recognize SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

37. Did you know??? THE VARIETY IN ANTIBODIES IS UNLIMITED AND THERE IS NOT VIRAL DISEASE WHICH HUMANS CANT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES.

38. Comparison of Immune Cells

39. Work Time • Page 920, Self-Quiz • 1, 2, 3, and 4

40. Page 105

41. Cell-Mediated Humoral Helper T cells released FIRST KP #1: Innate System

42. KP #2: Humoral: • B Cells released • Antibodies (flags) • Bind to the antigens (on the pathogen) and mark it for destruction • Antibodies are specific! • Circulate in the blood

43. KP #3: cell-Mediated: • Cytotoxic T Cells released • Directly destroy certain cells • Bind to the infected cells and cancer cells • Kill the infected cells pathogens lose their host! • Partners in fighting crime with the NK Cells!

44. Key Point #4: • 1. Recognition: • B and T lymphocytes recognize antigens and bind to them • 2. Activation Phase: • Activates T and B cells, causing them to rapidly reproduce • 3. Effector Phase: • Antibodies and cell-mediated response

46. Humoral Immunity • KP #5: • If a B Lymphocyte binds • HUMORAL IMMUNITY= ACTIVATED • Antibodies are produced by the B cells and “mark” the antigens for destruction

47. Cell-Mediated Response • KP #6: • If a T lymphocyte binds • Cell-mediated response= activated • Helper T cells are activated • Inform the body of invasion • Trigger antibodies and Cytoxic T cells • Cytoxic T cells kill pathogens

48. Immunological Memory • Why do we not get sick every time we encounter a pathogen? • Key Point #7: Memory cells (B cells) rapidly respond to a second exposure of an antigen • Immunity

49. 4/9 Exit Ticket Each question is worth 2points for a total of 8 points. 1. Compare the effect on the host cell of a lytic phage and a lysogenic phage.2. How do some viruses reproduce without processing or ever synthesizing DNA?3. Are vaccinations an example of active or passive immunity? 4. If antibodies are released to flag the pathogen, what branch of the acquired immune system is activated?