Measures of Mortality & Mortality in Different Populations

1. Measures of Mortality&Mortality in Different Populations

2. Mortality is a term which means “death” or describes death and related issues

3. Mortality Table

4. Selected Mortality Rates

5. Maternal Mortality

6. Rates • With rates, the numerator is included in the denominator • Rate is the number of or frequency of a disease per unit size of population

7. Ratio

8. Ratios • Ratio – the relation in number, degree or quantity existing between two similar things 25 ♀ : 30 ♂ • Ratio as a fraction 25/30 or 5/6

9. Proportions • Compare like populations or like illnesses within a population • For example, 40 children are currently ill with measles, while 80 children all together have or have had the measles

10. Mortality • Deaths; describes death; related issues • Graunt • 1600s – Bills of Mortality • Farr (1807-1883) • Registrar general; vital statistics • Causes • Registration

12. Types of Mortality Rates/Ratio • annual death rate • crude death rates • infant mortality rates (ratio) • neonatal mortality rates • postneonatal mortality rates • perinatal mortality rates • fetal death rates • fetal death ratios • abortion rates • maternal mortality rates • adjusted mortality rates • standardized mortality ratio • specific death rates • proportionate mortality rate- case fatality rate • mortality crossover – mortality time trends Your Assignment: familiarize yourself with the definitions of these terms

13. Three Levels of Rates • Crude rates • Adjusted rates • Specific rates/ratios

14. Annual Death Rates • “General” (crude) mortality rate • a population group exposed to risk of death • a time period • Crude Mortality Rate = # of deaths occurring in that population during that period of time

15. Crude Death Rates • Does NOT account for differences of age, sex, etc. in any aspect of death • Info needed: • total deaths • total population • a given period of time

16. Crude Death Rates (cont’d)

17. Cause Specific Mortality Rate

18. Cause Specific Mortality Rate

19. Case Fatality Rate

20. Specific Death Rates • For example: Early life mortality measures

21. Specific Death Rates • For example: infant mortality

22. Infant Death Rates in the U.S.

23. Specific Death Rates (cont’d) • Neonatal mortality rate • Postneonatal mortality rate

24. Neonatal & Postneonatal Death Rates

25. Specific Death Rates (cont’d) • Perinatal mortality rates

26. Specific Death Rates (cont’d) • Fetal death rate

27. Maternal Mortality Rates

28. Maternal Mortality Rates (cont’d)

29. Adjusted Death Rates • Allows comparisons by controlling for differences in some variables • Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) • Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR) • Specific Mortality Rates • Does NOT account for differences of age, sex, etc. in any aspect of death • Info needed: • total deaths • total population • a given period of time

30. Adjusted Death RatesAge Adjusted Rates • Direct Method

31. Adjusted Death RatesAge Adjusted Rates (cont’d) • Direct Method

32. Adjusted Death RatesAge Adjusted Rates (cont’d) • Direct Method

33. Adjusted Death RatesAge Adjusted Rates (cont’d) • Indirect Method • Standard Mortality Ratio

34. Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)

35. Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)

36. Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)

37. Specific Mortality Rates • Age specific mortality rate

38. Age-Specific Mortality Rates

39. Other Issues Related to Mortality • Mortality Cross-over • Death of a subject that started in one group but “crossed over” to another group during course of study • Mortality Time Trends • Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) • YPLL Rate

40. Years of Potential Life Lost