Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle

1. Physiology of Cell, Body Fluids, Excitable tissue & Muscle Choesnan Effendi Physiology Dep. Airlangga University 2012

2. Episode Kedua

3. Cair Tubuh & Transport bahan melewati membran Body Fluids & Transport of substances through the cell membrane

4. Cair Tubuh Extracellular Intracellular Interstitial Plasma darah Transcellular

7. Whole blood Hematocrit • Plasma darah

9. Volume Eritrosit X100 % = 36 – 45 % Volume Darah = Hct

10. HCT = Hematocrit = PCV ( Packed Red Cell Volume ) Adalah volume kumpulan erithrocytes yang dinyatakan dengan % terhadap volume darah keseluruhan

11. Interstitiel / Plasma darah Cytoplasma Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel • Osmosa • Diffusi sederhana • Diffusi fasilitasi • Transport aktif • Exocytosis / endocytosis

13. Pertukaran cairan didaerah kapiller

14. Ruang interstitiel Sitoplasma / sitosol Plasma darah

15. Fluid exchange : Arteriole  capillary  venule Arteriole Capillary Venule

16. Filtrasi / pertukaran cairan daerah kapiller Dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor : • Tekanan onkotik plasma • Tekanan onkotik interstisial • Tekanan hidrostatik plasma • Tekanan hidrostatik interstisial Tekanan hidrostatik plasma = tekanan darah

17. Tekanan kolloid osmotik = Tekanan onkotik Tekanan onkotik plasma darah Oleh karena adanya Protein plasma (  p )

18. Dari ketiganya, jumlah terbanyak adalah ALBUMIN

19. Sebagai contoh : Pint : 1 mm Hg ( hidrostatik ) Interstisial Ponkotik - int : 8 mm Hg Ponkotik - art ( ven ) : 28 mm Hg Venule Arteriole Kapiller Pkap : 25 mm Hg Part : 37 mm Hg Pven : 17 mm Hg NFP( Net Filtration Pressure )= Pkap – Pint -  pkap+ pint 25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4 + ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller, sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe

20. NFP( Net Filtration Pressure )= Pkap – Pint -  pkap+ pint 25 – 1 – 28 + 8 = + 4 + ( positip ) : artinya cairan keluar dari kapiller, sisanya ini akan di absorbsi oleh limfe

21. Mengapa hypoproteinemia udema Bagaimana mengenai tekanan oncotic protein plasma ???

22. Starving Children in Nigeria

23. Udem akan terjadi apabila • Bendungan vena : tumor, dekompensasi jantung kanan, bendungan aliran limfe • Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma < dibanding yang masuk

24. Cairan dari intersitial yang menuju plasma << dibanding yang masuk O.K. Tekanan osmotik plasma yang rendah O.K. Kadar protein plasma yang rendah = HIPOPROTEINEMIA

25. HIPOPROTEINEMIA O.K. • Under nutrition : kurang gizi /rendah protein. • Sintesa protein ( terutama Albumin ) terganggu : a.l pada penyakit hati : cirrhosis hepatis • Sekresi protein : yang seharusnya tidak terjadi , yaitu terjadi proteinuria ( pada nephrotic syndrome )

26. Tekanan osmotik plasma Berperanan untuk reabsorbsi kembali cairan yang dari interstisial

27. Beberapa cara masuk / keluarnya bahan melewati membran sel

28. H2O yg bergerak dari larutan hipotonis kearah hipertonis • Osmosa • Diffusi sederhana • Diffusi fasilitasi • Transport aktif Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan tinggi ketekanan rendah Seperti No. 2, menggunakan mediator (carrier system) Bahan yang terlarut bergerak dari tekanan rendah ketekanan tinggi, menggunakan mediator, energi ( ATP )

29. Contoh: H2O CO2 , O2 , Ureum glukosa, asam amino Na, K, Ca • Osmosa • Diffusi sederhana • Diffusi fasilitasi • Transport aktif

30. Mediator = carrier system

31. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion & osmosis: are passive transport, without ATP Active transport, sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, exocytosis: are active, need ATP

32. Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator). Without energy (ATP)

33. Osmosis Osmosis (movement of water across membranes) depends on the relative concentration of solute molecules on either side of the membrane Water move from low concentration to high concentration

34. How do about erythrocytes if in: • hypotonic solution • isotonic solution • hypertonic solution

35. Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium

36. Crenated / wrinkled ery in hypertonic medium Swollen ery & rupture in hypotonic medium Normal Ery structure in isotonic medium

37. Simple Diffusion Diffusion; the flow substances or matter from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

38. Alveoli: O2: Diffusion from alveoli into blood stream capillary CO2: Diffusion from blood capillary into alveoli

39. PO2 alv : 104 mmHG PcO2 alv : 40 mmHG PO2 cap : 40 mmHg PcO2 cap : 46 mmHg

40. at alveoli or at respiratory membrane O2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound by hemoglobin → HbO2 at tissue; tissue membrane and endothelium capillary CO2 diffusion into blood capillary, then enter to the erythrocyte, bound with H2O→H2CO3 →dissociation Becomes: H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

41. In blood stream: HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow out from erythrocyte into blood stream, to the capillary beds of respiratory membrane at respiratory membrane HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) flow in from blood stream into erythrocyte, then bind with H+ , become H2CO3, H2CO3 dissociation, Become H2O + CO2

42. at respiratory membrane CO2 flow out to blood (exit from erythrocyte) and then diffusion into alveoli lumen

43. In blood stream: O2 bound by hemoglobin → HbO2 → to tissues and cells all the body

44. at tissue O2 simple diffusion from HbO2 into cytosol, and then into mitochondria. Glucose move into cytosol by glucose transporter (facilitated diffusion)

45. Facilitated Diffusion Like simple diffusion, but requires interaction of a carrier protein that bind the molecules or ions to aids passage through the membrane Carrier protein = mediator or transporter

46. Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is a process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins (mediator). Without energy (ATP)

47. Glut = Glucose transporter Skeletal Muscle requires GLUT – 4 , GLUT-4 stand-by in cytosol of muscle fiber, they ‘ll move into the membrane if insulin receptors are stimulated by insulin Glut = Glucose transporter is mediator/transporter of glucose enter into cytosol

48. Insulin Receptor ( IR ) GLUT- 4 Insulin IRS-1 PI3 kinase translocation Glucose – facilitated diffusion vesicle containsGLUT- 4 Cell membrane

49. Glucose enter into cytosol of skeletal muscle fiber by; Signal transduction by insulin Insulin activate insulin rec → form IRS1 IRS1 activates PI3-Kinase PI3-Kinase stimulate translocation vesicle, which contains GLUT-4 GLUT- 4 is mediator / transporter of glucose In skeletal muscle fiber

50. There are 2 processes: * Signal transduction by insulin ** Facilitated diffusion by GLUT- 4