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History of Physical Education: Colonization to Present Day

Explore the history of physical education from the colonization period to the present day, including influential leaders, systems, trends, and the development of teaching models.

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History of Physical Education: Colonization to Present Day

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  1. Chapter 1 C H A P T E R 1 History of Physical Education

  2. ColonizationEarly 1600s to 1700s • Early New England colonists • Puritan influence: Play was “snare of the devil” • Later colonization • Increased focus on education and play • Benjamin Franklin: Early proponent of physical activity for children • Thomas Jefferson: Physical exercise should be part of education

  3. Early American PeriodMid-1700s to 1900 • Physical training and hygiene (health) • Early emphasis, especially for men • Development of systems • German (Turner) system • Swedish system • American systems

  4. German (Turner) System of Gymnastics • Emphasis: Developing strong, healthy men • Use of heavy handheld weights, calisthenics, and apparatuses (ropes, ladders, bars, rings, vaults) • Leaders • Charles Follen: First college gym at Harvard College • Francis Lieber: Opened first swimming pool • Charles Beck: Included PE as part of education program at the Round Hill School, Massachusetts

  5. Swedish System of Gymnastics • Emphasis: Therapeutic approach • Develop heart and lungs through movement patterns • Hold movements on teacher’s command • Leaders • Hartwig Nissen: Director for Boston schools • Nils Posse: Started the Posse Normal School • Amy Morris Homans: Director of Normal School of Gymnastics

  6. American Systems and Leaders • Emphasis • Modification of early systems and advancement in physical training and hygiene concepts • Catharine Beecher’s system • Calisthenics for girls and women to help develop good posture, strength, and grace • Less rigorous without excessive use of apparatuses • Movements to music (continued)

  7. American Systems and Leaders (continued) • Robert Roberts’ system (YMCA) • Balance and symmetry of muscles • Importance of daily hygiene and physical activity • Dio Lewis’ system: New gymnastics • Exercises for everyone using weighted beanbags, wooden rings, wands, dumbbells, and clubs • Lighter weights and more repetitions

  8. Dio Lewis’ Exercises

  9. American Systems and Leaders (continued) • Edward Hitchcock’s system • Personalized hygiene program • Collected pre- and postanthropometric measurements • Dudley Sargent’s system • Modified and developed exercise machines • Included individual remedial or corrective exercises • Developed Harvard Summer School for PE (continued)

  10. American Systems and Leaders (continued) • Delphine Hanna • 35 years at Oberlin College, Ohio • First woman to use anthropometric measurements and corrective procedures in her PE program • First woman appointed full professor in PE • Oberlin College • First college to offer a teacher prep program in PE for credit

  11. Important Events • Adelphi conference in Brooklyn, 1885 • Association for the Advancement of PE (AAPE), the birth of the national organization • Boston conference, 1889 • What should be the focus of physical education? • Discussion and controversy about which system(s) to use lead to upcoming changes.

  12. Early 20th Century, 1900 to 1930 • Early emphasis • The new physical education: Educate through the physical (develop the body, as well as the spirit and mind) • Leaders of the new physical education • Thomas Wood: Natural gymnastics • Clark Hetherington: Believed education should address these areas: (1) organic, (2) psychomotor, (3) character, and (4) intellectual

  13. Trends • Playground movement • Luther Gulick: Outdoor and recreational education programs • More four-year teacher prep programs • Prevalence of sports, games, and dance in PE programs • Increased scientific study of the effects of physical training

  14. Mid-20th Century, 1930 to 1970 • Issues • Poor fitness levels of military • Poor fitness levels of school-aged children (Kraus-Weber tests) • Fitness tests in PE programs • Youth fitness test by AAHPER, 1957 • President’s Physical Fitness Award Program, 1966

  15. Influential Leaders • Jay Nash • Outdoor education and recreation • Rosalind Cassidy • Movement education for children • Charles McCoy • Substantial research in physical education • Impetus for future changes

  16. Trends • Physical education emphases − Sports, recreation, and lifetime activities • Leaders were more likely to have PhDs and EdDs than to be medical doctors (MDs) • Advancement in research and fitness

  17. Late 20th Century, 1970 to 2000 • Pressure for educational accountability • NASPE National Standards for PE, 1995 • Shift to academic focus • Emergence of subdisciplines, more course offerings, and department name changes • AAHPERD • Dance was added to the Alliance in 1979

  18. Development of Teaching Models • Movement education model • Explore and refine fundamental movements • Concepts-based model • Movement learned through subdiscipline concepts • Responsibility model • Don Hellison • Responsibility levels for students to achieve (continued)

  19. Development of Teaching Models (continued) • Sport education model • Experience multifaceted aspects of sports • Tactical games model • Learn games through understanding of strategies • Cooperative models • Group initiatives, ropes courses, outdoor adventure education (continued)

  20. Development of Teaching Models (continued) • Fitness education model • Health-related fitness emphasis • Fitness-related programs and testing • Fitness for Life, by Charles Corbin • PE4life, Developed by Phil Lawler • SPARK: Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids • Fitnessgram: Criterion-referenced fitness tests

  21. Federal Mandates • 1972 Title IX (part of the Education Amendment Act) • 1975 PL 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children’s Act • 1990 Individuals With Disabilities Act (IDEA) • 1991 No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

  22. Early 21st Century to Present:Issues and Concerns • Decline of PETE programs • Physical education teacher education • E-learning and online PE classes for credit • 22 states (43%) allow online PE credit • Finding value • Connection between fitness and (1) academic scores, (2) attendance, and (3) disciplinary issues (continued)

  23. Early 21st Century to Present:Issues and Concerns (continued) • Optional PE credit for graduation • Interscholastic sports, JROTC, marching band, cheerleading • Fitness and obesity • After-school and community programs • Exergaming (active video) in PE • Curricular program shift to an emphasis on fitness

  24. Summary • How has the history of physical education affected our current status in the overall education curriculum? • How has the history of physical education affected the content that is currently taught at the K-12 level? • Where do we go from here?

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